Sub-arcsecond radio and optical observations of the likely counterpart to the gamma-ray source 2FGL J2056.7+4939

We have searched and reviewed all multi-wavelength data available for the region towards the gamma-ray source 2FGL J2056.7+4939 in order to constrain its possible counterpart at lower energies. As a result, only a point-like optical/infrared source with flat-spectrum radio emission is found to be consistent with all X-ray and gamma-ray error circles. Its structure is marginally resolved at radio wavelengths at the sub-arcsecond level. An extragalactic scenario appears to be the most likely interpretation for this object.     

A multiwavelength study of the supernova remnant G296.8-0.3

We report XMM-Newton observations of the Galactic supernova remnant G296.8-0.3, together with complementary radio and infrared data. The spatial and spectral properties of the X-ray emission, detected towards G296.8-0.3, was investigated in order to explore the possible evolutionary scenarios and the physical connexion with its unusual morphology detected at radio frequencies. G296.8-0.3 displays diffuse X-ray emission correlated with the peculiar radio morphology detected in the interior of the remnant and with the shell-like radio structure observed to the northwest side of the object. The X-ray emission peaks in the soft/medium energy range (0.5–3.0 keV). The X-ray spectral analysis confirms that the column density is high (N _H∼0.64×10²² cm⁻²) which supports a distant location (d>9 kpc) for the SNR. Its X-ray spectrum can be well represented by a thermal (PSHOCK) model, with kT∼0.86 keV, an ionization timescale of 6.1×10¹⁰ cm⁻³ s, and low abundance (∼0.12 Z _⊙). The 24 μm observations show shell-like emission correlated with part of the northwest and southeast boundaries of the SNR. In addition a point-like X-ray source is also detected close to the geometrical center of the radio SNR. The object presents some characteristics of the so-called compact central objects (CCO). Its X-ray spectrum is consistent with those found at other CCOs and the value of N _H is consistent with that of G296.8-0.3, which suggests a physical connexion with the SNR.     

撞击坑识别方法综述

目前国内外有多种撞击坑识别方法,在一定程度上实现了对撞击坑的识别提取,但是其准确性以及对数据的适应性不尽相同。首先对撞击坑识别研究进展进行概述,再对撞击坑识别方法进行归纳总结,指出不同方法的优缺点和适用条件。最后,对撞击坑识别研究存在的问题进行分析,提出了研究撞击坑识别的重点及解决途径。     

3D dynamic response of a transversely isotropic multilayered medium subjected to a moving load

The dynamic problem of a transversely isotropic multilayered medium is reducible to quasi‐static problem by introducing a moving system that travels synchronously with the load. Based on the governing equations in the moving system, the ordinary differential equations in the Fourier transformed domain are deduced. An extended precise integration method is adopted to solve the ordinary differential equations, and the solution in the physical domain is recovered by the inverse Fourier transform. Numerical examples are performed to verify the accuracy of the presented method and to analyze the influence of material properties and the load characteristic.     

Morphological,demographic and genetic traces of Upper Palaeolithic human impact on limpet assemblages in North Iberia

Human activities have an impact on extant biotic communities, and may have had just as important an impact in the past. We assess human impact on limpet assemblages during the Upper Palaeolithic in Asturias (north‐west Spain). The intensely exploited genus Patella exhibited a marked size decrease and a change in species assemblage composition, substituting the larger species P. vulgata for the smaller P. depressa. The present Patella assemblages in the upper tidal level exhibit the same pattern as those of the Epipalaeolithic (approx. 12 000 to 6000 years before the present). Although climate change may have contributed to such species replacement, spatial differences between close areas with different densities of Palaeolithic human settlements indicate unequivocal human impact. Present Patella species sampled from the region exhibit genetic signatures of past bottlenecks in mitochondrial DNA, which also indicate recent demographic expansion, suggesting that old impacts have been sufficiently important to leave genetic traces in current populations. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

官司河流域防护林结构调整及景观格局变化

利用2005年度的IKONOS4卫片解译数据、1:1万林相图、2007年度森林资源二类小班调查资料,结合样地调查数据以及四川省林业科学研究院森林生态效益定位站(四川绵阳新桥)径流场的有关数据,对绵阳官司河流域的防护林结构进行了调整,并对调整前后的生态经济效益和景观格局的变化进行了对比分析.结果表明:目前本区的林地面积分配不合理.针阔混交林面积偏小,仅占整个有林地面积的14.97%,而针针混交林的面积却占了27.37%,针叶纯林的面积更是占了42.48%.从物种多样性、均匀度以及生态优势度综合来看,均表现出混交林优于纯林.经调整后各类防护林面积比例为针阔混交林28.05%、灌木林17.28%、经济林13.27%、阔叶纯林13.13%、针针混交林11.04%、针叶纯林10.89%、草地6.34%.针阔混交林面积明显增加,从原来的124.39 hm2增加到现在的233.13 hm2,增加了87.42%.经济林的面积有所增加,从原来的96.67 hm2增加到调整后的110.30 hm2.本区防护林土地利用的生态效益指数由调整前的2 053.93点上升到调整后的2 327.39点,净增了13.31%,经济效益指数则从调整前的2 300.40点上升到调整后的2 493.63点,净增了8.40%.景观多样性指数(H)和景观均匀度指数(E)分别由调整前的1.826 1和0.523 8增加到调整后的2.192 3和0.768 3,分别增加了20.05%和46.68%.景观优势度和蔓延度指数由调整前的0.734 8和0.732 7减少到调整后的0.381 6和0.692 8.说明景观的异质性提高,向着多样化和均匀化方向发展.调整后各景观要素的边缘密度和斑块密度减少,其斑块向小型化发展,景观破碎度增加.调整后各要素的散布与分列指数IJI都有明显的增加,说明其空间关系趋于复杂化.聚集度指数AI增大,其斑块越来越聚集,斑块的结合底在增大.各景观要素的LSI都有不同程度的减少,而分维数都有不同程度的增加,说明其斑块复杂程度减少,稳定性增加.     

农业综合生产潜力指标体系及其模型改进

在系统分析自然生产潜力经典研究成果的基础上,进一步考量社会经济因素的影响,根据土、肥、水、种、密、保、管、工8个影响作物产量形成的主要社会经济因素构建社会经济生产潜力系统,形成了较为完善的农业综合生产潜力指标体系;并引入社会经济修正函数对现有的农业自然生产潜力模型进行完善,构建农业综合生产潜力模型。农业综合生产潜力指标体系及其模型,为定量评估农业资源利用程度提供了一种有效手段。     

1958-2006年玛纳斯河流域水系结构时空演变及驱动机制分析

为了研究玛纳斯河流域水系结构演变状况,利用其1958、1976、1987、2006年4期遥感影像图,在ArcInfo支持下进行目视解译,根据解译结果,定量分析了水系长度、密度、分枝比、长度比和分维等参数的变化特征,并探讨其主要驱动因素.研究表明:1958-2006年玛纳斯河流域水系变化满足Horton定律,水网数目及河道平均长度随水网级别呈几何级数变化,并且水网密度、水系长度比、分枝比等参数持续增大;流域内绿洲地区水网密度高于南部源流山区与北部荒漠区,这种区域差异是由不同生态经济单元的自然生态环境类型、社会经济发展状况,综合发展需求及生态修复重建等方面共同决定的;玛纳斯河流域水资源量近50年来不断增加,人口数量持续攀升,耕地与绿洲面积不断扩大等因素是玛纳斯河流域水网结构演变的主要驱动力.然而耕地不能无限扩大,绿洲也不能过度扩张,要以水资源的承载能力为限,因此确定合理的绿洲面积,优化水系结构,提高水资源利用效率将成为今后研究的重点.     

ON THE GEOCHRONOLOGICAL METHOD VERSUS FLOW SIMULATION SOFTWARE APPLICATION FOR LAHAR RISK MAPPING: A CASE STUDY OF POPOCATÉPETL VOLCANO,MEXICO

Lahars are hazardous events that can cause serious damage to people who live close to volcanic areas; several were registered at different times in the last century, such as at Mt St Helens (USA) in 1980, Nevado del Ruiz (Colombia) in 1985 and Mt Pinatubo (Philippines) in 1990. Risk maps are currently used by decision‐makers to help them plan to mitigate the hazard‐risk of lahars. Risk maps are acquired based on a series of tenets that take into account the distribution and chronology of past lahar deposits, and basically two approaches have been used: (1) The use of Flow Simulation Software (FSS), which simulates flows along channels in a Digital Elevation Model and (2) The Geochronological Method (GM), in which the mapping is based on the evaluation of lahar magnitude and frequency. This study addresses the production of a lahar risk map using the two approaches (FSS and GM) for a study area located at Popocatépetl volcano – Central Mexico. Santiago Xalitzintla, a town located on the northern flank of Popocatépetl volcano, where volcanic activity in recent centuries has triggered numerous lahars that have endangered local inhabitants, has been used for the case study. Results from FSS did not provide satisfactory findings because they were not consistent with lahar sediment observations made during fieldwork. By contrast, the GM produced results consistent with these observations, and therefore we use them to assess the hazard and produce the risk map for the study area.     

新疆玛纳斯河流域生态经济功能区划研究

水在干旱区维护生态和发展经济中起决定性作用,而水资源的形成、转化和消耗,主要取决于大地貌类型。本文以大地貌类型为单元,将玛纳斯河流域划分为3个生态经济功能区;即南部天山草原森林牧林矿产区,对应为径流形成和水源涵养区;中部玛纳斯河平原农业和城镇绿洲区,对应为径流消耗和转化区;北部古尔班通古特沙漠生态保育沙产业区,对应为少流和无流区。在3个一级区划内,再根据中地貌条件、生态系统类型、产业结构及发展经济和保护生态环境的措施划分二级区,共分为9个。分别论述了各区的生态环境与社会经济特征,有针对性的提出各区生态与经济协调发展的对策,为分区治理提供了科学依据。并提出只有把玛纳斯河流域作为一个完整的生态经济系统,实行以水资源合理利用为核心,以山区的综合治理为基础,以发展绿洲经济为支撑,以防治荒漠化的扩大为保障,才能使其良性互动,实现和谐和持续发展。