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971.
Grain size is a fundamental property of sediments and is commonly used to describe sedimentary facies and classify sedimentary environments. Among the various conventional techniques utilized to determine grain‐size frequency distributions, sieving is the most widely applied procedure. The accuracy of such analyses is, among other factors, strongly dependent on the sieving time. However, despite a substantial amount of research in this field, optimal sieving times for different types of sediments have, to date, not been established. In this article, the influence of sieving time on grain‐size analyses of medium‐grained microtidal and mesotidal beach and dune sands has been determined. To assess the precision of important textural parameters, such as median grain size, sorting, skewness and kurtosis, an error analysis was carried out for different sieving times (2, 5, 10, 15 and 20 minutes). After calibrating the analytical and sampling methodologies, significant deviations were registered when sieving time was less than 10 minutes. However, such deviations were very small and grain‐size distributions remained almost identical for sieving times of 10 minutes and longer, relative errors being as low as 0% in some cases.  相似文献   
972.
Secondary organic aerosols (SOA) constitute a significant fraction of the atmospheric particulate matter. Theses particles are formed as a consequence of the oxidation reaction of certain organic gases that leads to the formation of low-volatility compounds. As for other pollutants, air quality models allow the simulation of particle levels and thus models constitute a powerful tool in air quality management. Nevertheless, the accepted use of models must be based on the validation of its capacity to reproduce observed concentrations. Air monitoring sites provide measured information of a large variety of ambient pollutants. Unfortunately, measurements on SOA are not normally available, as current monitoring networks do not include instrumentation to distinguish primary from secondary sources of organic carbonaceous aerosol. This paper presents a set of photooxidation experiments performed in the European Photorreactor (EUPHORE) smog chamber (CEAM, Spain) under different experimental conditions to investigate SOA formation. The use of chambers allows the isolation of atmospheric chemistry and aerosol formation processes. Thus, although these measurements were obtained at initial precursor concentrations higher than those in atmospheric conditions, they constitute a valuable set of information for SOA model evaluation purposes.  相似文献   
973.
河北地区古代瓷窑产品的理化测试工作多集中于隋唐、宋金时期的器物,北朝等早期产品的分析数据则少有报道。本文运用X射线荧光光谱、X射线衍射、岩相、吸水率测试和烧成温度测定等分析方法,对曹村窑址出土青釉样品的工艺特征开展研究。结果表明,2件样品釉层氧化钙含量分别为17.86%和14.1%,烧成温度分别达到1150.1℃和1185.2℃,证明这2件样品属于青瓷,从而证实了曹村窑是已发现的我国北方早期烧制青瓷的窑口之一;其余样品釉层氧化铅含量大于42%,部分样品吸水率低于5%,X射线衍射结果显示胎体中出现莫来石相,证明曹村窑可以生产出瓷胎铅釉陶。结合样品烧成温度均在1000℃以上,远高于铅釉成熟温度,推断曹村窑的瓷胎铅釉陶在北朝时期已经使用了二次烧成工艺。这一复杂工艺的产生,有可能为唐三彩的出现作了技术铺垫。  相似文献   
974.
Abstract

The structure of the southern Pyrenees, east of the Albanyà fault (Empordà area), consists of several Alpine thrust sheets. From bottom upwards three main structural units can be distinguished : the Roc de Frausa, the Biure-Bac Grillera and the Figueres units. The former involves basement and Paleogene cover rocks. This unit is deformed by E-W trending kilometric-scale folds, its north dipping floor thrust represents the sole thrust in this area. The middle unit is formed by an incomplete Mesozoic succession overlain by Garumnian and Eocene sediments. Mesozoic rocks internal structure consists of an imbricate stack. The floor thrust dips to the south and climbs up section southwards. The upper unit exibits the most complete Mesozoic sequence. Its floor thrust is subhorizontal. The lower and middle units thrust in a piggy-back sequence. The upper unit was emplaced out of sequence.

Lower Eocene sedimentation in the Biure-Bac Grillera unit was controlled by emergent imbricate thrusts and synchronic extensional faults. One of these faults (La Salut fault) represents the boundary between a platform domain in the footwall and a subsident trough in the hangingwall. Southward thrust propagation produces the inversion of these faults and the development of cleavage-related folds in their hangingwalls (buttressing effect). This inversion is also recorded by syntectonic deposits, which have been grouped in four depositional sequences. The lower sequences represent the filling on the hangingwall trough and the upper sequences the spreading of clastics to the south once the extensional movement ends.  相似文献   
975.
The aim of this study was to assess the influence of pH on copper mobilization in two copper-rich acid soils (from vineyard and mine) amended with crushed mussel shell. Crushed mussel shell amended soils (0–48 Mg ha?1) were subjected to the effect of several acid and alkali solutions in a batch experiment in order to study their copper release. Copper distribution was studied in decanted soils from batch experiments using a sequential extraction procedure, whereas the effect of crushed mussel shell on copper release kinetics was studied using a stirred flow reactor. When soils were treated with acid solutions, the copper mobilization from non-amended soils was significantly higher than from the amended samples. Major changes in copper fractionation were an increase of the acid soluble fraction in acid-treated vineyard soil samples with shell dose. For the mine soil, the oxidable fraction showed a relevant diminution in acid-treated samples at the highest crushed mussel shell dose. For both soils, copper desorption rates diminished up to 86 % at pH 3 when crushed mussel shell was added. At pH 5, copper release rate was very slow for both soils decreasing up to 98 % for the mine soil amended with the highest shell dose, whereas no differences were observed at pH 7 between amended and non-amended soils. Thus, crushed mussel shell addition could contribute to reduce potential hazard of copper-enriched soils under acidification events.  相似文献   
976.
秦平  沈钺  牟冰  郝艳玲  朱建华  崔廷伟 《海洋学报》2014,36(11):142-149
本文利用实测数据集,发展了基于进化建模方法的HJ-1CCD黄海悬浮物(TSM)和叶绿素a浓度(Chl a)遥感反演模型,建模过程中有针对性地设计了适合水色反演的端点集和函数集,并利用转基因方法引入水色先验知识。经实测数据检验,TSM反演的平均相对误差约为31%(相关系数R2为0.96),Chl a反演误差约为33%(R2为0.88)。分析了模型对输入误差的敏感性,当输入端引入±5%的误差时,模型误差的波动在大多数情形下都可控制在±10%以内。与神经网络模型相比,本文发展的进化模型具有检验精度高、结构简单等优势。利用不同季节的黄、东海实测数据进行了模型精度的独立检验。本文的研究工作表明,进化建模方法适用于水色遥感反演建模问题,可由程序自动生成多个满足精度要求、结构形式多样的显式模型,为水色反演应用提供了多种选择,对于拥有数百个波段的高光谱数据水色反演具有更大的应用潜力。本文最后探讨了进化建模方法的改进方向。  相似文献   
977.
Predicted no-effect concentration(PNEC) is often used in ecological risk assessment to determine low-risk concentrations for chemicals. In the present study, the chronic data from native saltwater species were used to calculated PNEC values using four methods: log-normal distribution(ETX 2.0), log-triangle distribution(US EPA's water quality criteria procedure), burr III distribution(Burrli OZ) and traditional assessment factor(AF). The PNECs that were calculated using four methods ranged from 0.08 μg/L to 1.8 μg/L. Three of the SSD-derived PNECs range from 0.94 to 1.8 μg/L, about a factor of two apart. To demonstrate the use of SSD-based PNEC values and comprehensively estimate the regional ecological risk for cadmium in surface water of the Bohai Sea, in the Liaodong Bay, Bohai Bay, and Laizhou Bay, China, the dissolved cadmium concentrations were measured and obtained 753 valid data covering 190 stations from July 2006 to November 2007. Based on three ecological risk assessment approaches, namely hazard quotient(HQ), probabilistic risk quotient and joint probability curve(JPC), the potential ecological risk of cadmium in surface water of the Liaodong Bay, Bohai Bay, and Laizahou Bay were estimated. Overall, the ecological risk of cadmium to aquatic ecosystem in the whole Bohai Sea was at acceptable ecological risk level, the order of ecological risk was Liaodong BayBohai BayLaizhou Bay. However, more concerns should be paid to aquatic ecological risk in the Liaodong Bay which is the home of many steel, metallurgy and petrochemical industrial in China.  相似文献   
978.
This Discussion provides comments on the application of grain-size trend analysis to Camposoto beach (SW Spain) reported by Poizot et al. (2013) in Geo-Marine Letters 33(4):263–272. Some of their results are updated or complemented by existing data from other studies carried out on Camposoto and other nearby beaches. For example, a detailed breakdown of beach nourishment volumes and costs is presented, and the influence of a horizontal reef flat on the tilting of the beach profile around the mean or the low water level is highlighted. Moreover, data from the displacement of dyed samples are used to evaluate the relationship between sediment transport speed (va) and current speed (V), the corresponding ratio being consistent with the range of values reported by several other authors. Finally, some minor, although still significant, differences are detected in some granulometric parameters as well as in the profile shape. Determining the reason for these discrepancies could enhance our current knowledge about the factors controlling short-term beach profile responses.  相似文献   
979.
采用PAM叶绿素荧光技术,于2013年5月在厦门大嶝岛潮间带,对不同底质类型(泥质、泥砂质和砂质)底栖微藻的光合作用特征进行了初步研究.结果显示:底栖微藻的光合系统II最大光量子效率(Fv/Fm)呈泥质(0.33)〉泥砂质(0.28)〉砂质(0.01);底栖微藻叶绿素a含量亦呈上述变化趋势.不同温度(15-35℃)和不同光照透射率(0-100%)的短期(0.5-2.0 h)培养实验表明,底栖微藻光合作用的最适温度(27℃左右)接近于环境温度,体现了其对生长环境的适应;过高的温度(35℃及以上)会抑制光合作用活性,进而限制其生长;此外,光照实验表明底栖微藻可通过自身的运动和变化来适应光照强度的变化,不同底质类型可能存在不同的光适应策略.  相似文献   
980.
海浪是影响舰船行进和结构设计的最核心的环境要素。海浪参数的统计分析是建立舰船环境适应性长期预测模型的基础。对1993-2011年沿海台站、浮标观测资料,高度计观测资料和船舶报观测资料进行双线性插值,给出了海浪波高的分析场。利用波高分析场对WAVEWATCHIII(WW3)模拟结果进行最优插值同化。给出了海浪统计玫瑰图、极端海浪统计参数和海浪累年二维极值海浪谱等与舰船耐波性有关的海浪统计参数,分析了中国近海的波浪特征。  相似文献   
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