珠江口海域主导光学因子的遥感分类及其变化特征

基于2014年5月和8月珠江口海域的现场和实验测量数据,分析了光学因子和生态参数的动态变化特征,并找出该海域的主导光学因子;基于模拟的MODIS数据,构建了水体组分特征波长处吸收系数的遥感反演模型,并结合MODIS卫星遥感影像,依据IOCCG规则对主导光学因子进行遥感分类,揭示了珠江口海域2014年逐月水体主导光学因子的动态变化特征。结果表明,珠江口海域水体以a_d、a_g以及两种共同主导类型为主,并且a_g、a_d两种光学因子主导类型所占比例最大,其次是a_g主导类型,a_d主导类型所占比例最小。同时发现a_d（442）、a_dg（442）均与无机悬浮物浓度有较好的正相关关系,说明CDOM和悬浮泥沙具有相似的来源和动力变化过程。     

Impact of the Three Gorges Dam on the spawning stock and natural reproduction of Chinese sturgeon in Changjiang River,China

Chinese sturgeon (Acipenser sinensis) is the flagship species of the Changjiang River. The migration route of this species is blocked by the first dam, the Gezhou Dam, and its reproduction is affected by the Three Gorges Dam (TGD), one of the largest dams in the world. We studied the impact of the impoundment of the Three Gorges Reservoir (TGR) since 2003 on the spawning stock and the natural reproduction of the Chinese sturgeon by using our monitoring data from 1997 to 2013. Results indicate that TGR impoundment has delayed the first spawning dates of the fish from middle-late October to late November, decreased the amount of spawning activities from twice to only once each year, and significantly reduced egg production. In particular, the fish did not demonstrate any spawning activities in 2013. Therefore, TGR impoundment significantly affects the natural reproduction of the fish downstream of the TGD. The spawning stock size of the fish is also predicted to further decrease in the future, which will lead to a risk of population extinction. Ecological regulations must be imposed on decreasing the water temperature to 20°C before mid-October and increasing water discharge downstream of the TGD in October to induce spawning of the Chinese sturgeon.     

Improvement of the zygote utilization and reduction of the seedling loss in the early stage of seedling production of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Sargassum thunbergii</Emphasis> (Fucales,Phaeophyta)

Artificial seedling production of Sargassum thunbergii is an effective way to relieve pressure on natural resources. In order to improve the utilization of zygotes and reduce the loss of seedlings, studies on the characteristic of the zygotes release, the development of rhizoids, the attachment of germlings, and the influence of jet washing were conducted. Results show that the percent of zygotes released was increased with time in the first 60 h. The capacity of germlings attached to the substratum was significantly increased, especially coincident with the time of the new rhizoids emerged and elongated. The detachment rate of germlings significantly decreased with the delay of starting time of jet washing or the reduction of jet washing velocity. However, the jet washing at any level applied in the experiment could cause considerable loss of germlings within the 20 days after the attachment. Our study provided some parameters to optimize the operation in the early stage of seedling production.     

Phenological study of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Sargassum thunbergii</Emphasis> (Fucales,Phaeophyta) in Lidao Bay,Rongcheng, China

We conducted a phenological evaluation of Sargassum thunbergii, a common algal species, along the coast of Lidao Bay, Rongcheng, China. The local S. thunbergii population entered a maturation period from early June to mid-August, when seawater temperature was 14.4 to 25.1°C. Our results suggest an increase in temperature and day length during this period initiated thalli maturation. Inhabitants of the low tidal zone had higher thalli length and biomass compared with those from the mid-and high tidal zones. We observed a switch in the length frequency distribution and contribution of length classes to biomass between the small (<20 cm) and long (20–79.9 cm) length classes at the time of thallus maturity. This suggests there is a trade-offbetween sexual reproduction and vegetative regeneration.     

喷射式局部反循环钻具结构参数数值模拟

喷射式局部反循环钻具的流场主要是由喷反元件的射吸效应形成。为增强喷反钻具的反循环效果,提高岩心采取率,对喷反元件的主要结构参数对反循环效果的影响规律进行了研究;采用正交试验设计方法,借助计算流体动力学CFD软件,对不同结构参数组合下喷反钻具的反循环效果指标进行了回归分析。研究结果表明,喷反装置6个结构参数对目标值的影响由大到小的顺序是:喷嘴直径D1、喷嘴个数N1、喷嘴倾斜角度θ1、承喷孔直径D2、承喷孔倾斜角度θ2、承喷孔个数N2;当冲洗液泵量为1.5kg/s(90L/min)时,喷嘴直径D1=8mm,喷嘴个数N1=8,喷嘴倾斜角度θ1=67°,承喷孔直径D2=8mm,承喷孔倾斜角度θ2=5°,承喷孔个数N2=4为最优参数组合。     

Comparison of Constant and Time-variant Optimal Forcing Approaches in El Nio Simulations by Using the Zebiak–Cane Model

Model errors offset by constant and time-variant optimal forcing vector approaches(termed COF and OFV, respectively)are analyzed within the framework of El Nio simulations. Applying the COF and OFV approaches to the well-known Zebiak–Cane model, we re-simulate the 1997 and 2004 El Nio events, both of which were poorly degraded by a certain amount of model error when the initial anomalies were generated by coupling the observed wind forcing to an ocean component. It is found that the Zebiak–Cane model with the COF approach roughly reproduced the 1997 El Nio, but the 2004 El Nio simulated by this approach defied an ENSO classification, i.e., it was hardly distinguishable as CP-El Nio or EP-El Nio. In both El Nio simulations, substituting the COF with the OFV improved the fit between the simulations and observations because the OFV better manages the time-variant errors in the model. Furthermore, the OFV approach effectively corrected the modeled El Nio events even when the observational data(and hence the computational time) were reduced.Such a cost-effective offset of model errors suggests a role for the OFV approach in complicated CGCMs.     

Modelling the spatial evolution of map objects by map agents

To overcome the weakness of modelling the relationships between map objects that represent the same geographic entities or phenomena at different times and scales, an agent-based approach is presented to modelling of the spatial evolution of map objects for better understanding of the evolutional process of different maps. Map agents are used to establish and manage the many-to-many corresponding relationships between map objects, and they render map objects active rather than traditionally passive. The evolutions of map objects are modelled by map agents using association and generation relationships to model the connectivity between map objects. This effort reduces the workload of multi-scale map updating by avoiding update of the entire map; instead, it simply allows map agents to detect, perceive and choose suitable behaviours on which to operate and update a spatially evolving object. Experiments of specific examples are presented to demonstrate the feasibility and the effectiveness of our approach.     

云南省自动气象站土壤湿度数据质量控制

土壤湿度是控制陆地和大气间水分和能量交换过程的重要变量,而自动气象站观测是获取地表土壤湿度的主要手段。地表自动气象站观测的准确性能够直接影响其应用效果,因此, 开展自动气象站土壤湿度质量控制分析具有重要意义。基于2010—2014年云南省37个自动气象站土壤湿度数据,采用谱分析方法,以观测值及其Savitzky-Golay二次导数的平均值、均方差、变化率等统计量为判据,筛选剔除了观测数据中的随机噪声、异常峰值和异常平稳值。结果表明:云南省自动气象站观测数据均有缺测,两种异常值中,异常平稳值占绝大部分。与降水时间序列对比发现,不同降水强度下各层土壤湿度变化存在一定差异,砂质土站点对降水的响应最为明显,黏质土站点雨后土壤湿度变化幅度最小。     

长江经济带经济-环境协调发展格局及演变

通过经济与环境系统的协调发展度评估,分析了长江经济带经济环境协调发展的时空演变格局,并对经济带经济发展、环境污染与环境质量的格局与态势展开探讨。研究表明：经济带协调发展度空间差异显著,东部地区明显大于中西部地区,沿江地区高于非沿江地区。高度协调型主要分布在长三角地区及少数中西部省会城市;高度失调型主要分布在重庆、皖北、滇西南、鄂中等地区;江西与四川是协调型转为失调型的集中地区。长三角核心城市经济地位依然凸显,但长三角边缘地区城市经济位序呈下降趋势,中西部地区部分城市经济位序上升明显。工业废水排放以重庆、苏州、杭州为最多,工业SO₂排放呈现3大集中地带。城市空气质量较差的是长三角边缘地区以及中西部沿江地区,城市空气质量总体上与工业SO₂排放、工业烟尘排放在空间格局上较为吻合。长江干流断面水质上游（川滇渝）与下游（苏沪）较差,一定程度上反映了沿江地区工业废水排放对长江水质的影响。最后,从树立发展与保护双重使命,创新经济带开发体制机制;推进下游城市经济转型升级,培育中上游新的经济增长极;落实最严格的管理制度,共建生态文明示范带等方面提出发展建议。