The physical structures of snow and sea ice in the Arctic section of 150°-180°W during the summer of 2010

The physical structures of snow and sea ice in the Arctic section of 150°-180°W were observed on the basis of snow-pit, ice-core, and drill-hole measurements from late July to late August 2010. Almost all the investigated floes were first-year ice, except for one located north of Alaska, which was probably multi-year ice transported from north of the Canadian Arctic Archipelago during early summer. The snow covers over all the investigated floes were in the melting phase, with temperatures approaching 0℃ and densities of 295-398 kg/m3 . The snow covers can be divided into two to five layers of different textures, with most cases having a top layer of fresh snow, a round-grain layer in the middle, and slush and/or thin icing layers at the bottom. The first-year sea ice contained about 7%-17% granular ice at the top. There was no granular ice in the lower layers. The interior melting and desalination of sea ice introduced strong stratifications of temperature, salinity, density, and gas and brine volume fractions. The sea ice temperature exhibited linear cooling with depth, while the salinity and the density increased linearly with normalized depth from 0.2 to 0.9 and from 0 to 0.65, respectively. The top layer, especially the freeboard layer, had the lowest salinity and density, and consequently the largest gas content and the smallest brine content. Both the salinity and density in the ice basal layer were highly scattered due to large differences in ice porosity among the samples. The bulk average sea ice temperature, salinity, density, and gas and brine volume fractions were-0.8℃, 1.8, 837 kg/m3 , 9.3% and 10.4%, respectively. The snow cover, sea ice bottom, and sea ice interior show evidences of melting during mid-August in the investigated floe located at about 87°N, 175°W.     

FY-3A/MERSI, ocean color algorithm, products and demonstrative applications

A medium resolution spectral imager (MERSI) on-board the first spacecraft of the second generation of China’s polar-orbit meteorological satellites FY-3A, is a MODIS-like sensor with 20 bands covering visible to thermal infrared spectral region. FY-3A/MERSI is capable of making continuous global observations, and ocean color application is one of its main targets. The objective is to provide information about the ocean color products of FY-3A/MERSI, including sensor calibration, ocean color algorithms, ocean color products validation and applications. Although there is a visible on-board calibration device, it cannot realize the on-board absolute radiometric calibration in the reflective solar bands. A multisite vicarious calibration method is developed, and used for monitoring the in-flight response change and providing post-launch calibration coefficients updating. FY-3A/MERSI ocean color products consist of the water-leaving reflectance retrieved from an atmospheric correction algorithm, a chlorophyll a concentration (CHL1) and a pigment concentration (PIG1) from global empirical models, the chlorophyll a concentration (CHL2), a total suspended mater concentration (TSM) and the absorption coefficient of CDOM and NAP (YS443) from China’s regional empirical models. The atmospheric correction algorithm based on lookup tables and ocean color components concentration estimation models are described. By comparison with in situ data, the FY-3A/MERSI ocean color products have been validated and preliminary results are presented. Some successful ocean color applications such as algae bloom monitoring and coastal suspended sediment variation have demonstrated the usefulness of FY-3A/MERSI ocean color products.     

九龙江河-海系统夏季浮游植物磷胁迫研究

采用群落水平和细胞水平碱性磷酸酶活性(APA)相结合的方法,研究了2010年夏季(6-7月)九龙江河-海系统(河流-河口-邻近海域)浮游植物的磷胁迫,结果表明,单位叶绿素a的APA在河流下游区[(48.80±14.69)nmol/(h.μg Chl a)]显著高于河口区[(10.60±15.58)nmol/(h·μg Chl.a)]和邻近海域[(23.54±25.41)nmol/(h·μg Chl.a)],表明河流区的浮游植物磷胁迫显著高于河口区和邻近海域.三个区域高比例的游离态APA表明该水域浮游植物已较长时间处于磷胁迫状态.细胞水平的浮游植物荧光标记结果显示,河口区(20％±20％)与邻近海域(38％±20％)无显著差异(P＞0.05),此结果与群落水平APA结果相一致;但河口-邻近海域浮游植物的标记比例显著高于河流下游区(9％±3％)(P＜0.05).     

Zn2+对日本沼虾(Macrobrachium nipponensis)的急性致毒效应

在水温(27.4±1.3)℃条件下,以体长(33.23±1.66)mm、体质量(0.7893±0.1518)g的日本沼虾为实验动物,采用静水停食法开展了Zn2+对日本沼虾的急性毒性实验,并以此为基础,测定了Zn2+不同质量浓度水平下日本沼虾的耗氧率与窒息点.结果表明:(1)Zn2+对日本沼虾的急性致死效应与其呼吸生理代谢受阻密切相关;(2) Zn2+对日本沼虾24h、48h、72h、96h的半致死质量浓度依次为1.493、0.844、0.643和0.464mg/L; (3) Zn2+对日本沼虾昼均、夜均和日均耗氧率均无显著影响的阈值为0.046mg/L,该值为Zn2+对日本沼虾急性毒性的安全质量浓度;(4) Zn2+对日本沼虾产生轻度胁迫和中度胁迫的质量浓度范围分别为0.046-0.064mg/L和0.064-0.082mg/L.     

南黄海秋季浮游病毒丰度分布及其与宿主和环境因子的相关性研究

利用流式细胞仪对南黄海秋季浮游病毒丰度在水平分布和垂直分布上的特征进行了研究,并分析了浮游病毒丰度与异养细菌、微微型浮游植物等宿主丰度以及环境因子的相关性.结果表明,该海区秋季浮游病毒丰度在(2.22×106)-(1.60× 107)ind/ml之间,平均值8.32×106ind/ml.病毒丰度在调查海域的东北和中南部海域出现高值区,在西南部出现低值区,且浮游病毒丰度与异养细菌丰度的平面分布趋势较一致.在表层、中层和底层水体,浮游病毒丰度平均值分别为8.63×106、7.83×106、8.49×106ind/ml,表层和底层丰度无显著差异,但均高于中层(P＜0.05).相关性分析表明,浮游病毒丰度与异养细菌丰度、VBR呈显著正相关(P＜0.01),与微微型真核浮游植物丰度呈显著负相关(P＜0.05),与聚球藻、水深、水温、盐度、溶氧、叶绿素a浓度无明显相关性(P＞0.05).     

厦门国家级珍稀海洋物种自然保护区文昌鱼(Branchiostoma belcheri)种群健康评价

利用2009-2010年四个季度月用底栖生物抓斗式采样器捕获的文昌鱼样品,从其资源分布、年龄结构、生物学和生态学特征等方面对厦门国家级珍稀海洋物种自然保护区文昌鱼的种群健康状况进行评价研究.结果表明:(1)文昌鱼种群资源分布衰减趋势明显,只在黄厝—前埔海区、小嶝岛—角屿海区和南线—十八线海区3个核心区还有分布,但资源密度低,分布范围狭小,而在鳄鱼屿实验区未能发现.(2)文昌鱼体重与体长之间关系:W=6.6895×10-4L3.1818;体长与体质量生长方程分别为:厶=65.63[1-e-0.68(t+032)],Wt=404.62[1-e-0.68(t+032)]3.1818;夏季、冬季航次的优势体长组分别为25-35mm和35-45mm,优势体重组分别为25-50mg和50-100mg;秋季低龄鱼较多,而冬季高龄鱼比例较高.(3)采用ELEFAN Ⅰ技术分析了厦门文昌鱼的Von Bertalanffy生长参数K、L∞、总死亡系数Z、自然死亡系数M和开发率E,发现其生长参数K值较大,自然死亡系数较高,开发率较大(0.69).综之,厦门自然保护区内的文昌鱼种群健康状况整体不佳,应注意资源保护,加强保护文昌鱼栖息地的底质和水质以及防止过度捕捞以实现其资源可持续利用.     

青蛤(Cyclina sinensis)cDNA文库构建及免疫相关因子基因的筛选

在鳗弧菌侵染下,利用SMART方法构建了青蛤的cDNA文库,并采用高通量测序方法和BLASTX比对筛选出ESTs及免疫相关因子的基因.结果表明,所构建的cDNA文库的库容量为1.12×106,插入片段均在500bp以上;大于100bp的有效ESTs序列1113条,平均长度725bp,拼接后获得一致性序列420条,其中包括126个叠联群和294个单拷贝EST,BLASTX比对后获得注释序列271条,进一步筛选获得青蛤免疫相关因子基因序列45条,为克隆其免疫防御相关因子的基因提供了重要的基础.     

我国沿海马尾藻属(Sargassum)的物种多样性及其区系分布特征

通过对我国沿海多次野外实地考查以及文献报道,采用统计学的分析方法,研究了马尾藻属海藻资源的物种构成和区系分布特征.结果表明,马尾藻属种数在我国海域的水平分布呈现出北少南多的趋势,黄、东海仅17种,南海达到124种、占世界马尾藻总数的36.47％.其中,黄海西区、东海西区、南海北区和南海南区种数及小区单一分布种类数分别为10、13、82和61种及2、3、52和42种.我国特有种类为64种、占世界尾藻总数的18.82％.在我国沿海马尾藻的垂直分布特征为:高潮带2种,低潮带91种,潮下带78种.     

Phylogenetic diversity of planktonic bacteria in the Chukchi Borderland region in summer

Planktonic bacteria are abundant in the Chukchi Borderland region. However, little is known about their diversity and the roles of various bacteria in the ocean. Seawater samples were collected from two stations K2S and K4S where sea ice was melting obviously. The analysis of water samples with fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) showed that DMSP-degrading bacteria accounted for 13% of the total bacteria at the station K2S. No aerobic anoxygenic phototrophic (AAP) bacteria were detected in both samples. The bacterial communities were characterized by two 16S rRNA gene clone libraries. Sequences fell into four major lineages of the domain Bacteria, including Proteobacteria (Alpha, Beta and Gamma subclasses), Bacteroidetes, Actinobacteria and Firmicutes. No significant difference was found between the two clone libraries. SAR11 and Rhodobacteraceae clades of Alphaproteobacteria and Pseudoalteromonas of Gammapro-teobacteria constituted three dominant fractions in the clone libraries. A total of 191 heterotrophic bacterial strains were isolated and 76% showed extracellular proteolytic activity. Phylogenetic analysis reveals that the isolates fell into Gammaproteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Actinobacteria and Firmicutes. The most common genus in both the bacterial isolates and protease-producing bacteria was Pseudoalteromonas. UniFrac data showed suggestive differences in bacterial communities between the Chukchi Borderland and the northern Bering Sea.     

南太湖入湖口蓝藻生物量与CODMn和DO的相关性研究

采用水质监测方法对2008—2010年南太湖水域三个入湖口(小梅港、新塘港、大钱港)水体中蓝藻生物量、CODMn和DO的时空变化特征进行了监测和调查,并通过SPSS10.0软件对蓝藻生物量与CODMn和DO的相关性进行了分析。结果表明:(1)3年内南太湖入湖口蓝藻颗粒数在1.0×106个/L以上范围的频率每年超过50%,最高在3.0×107个/L左右;(2)南太湖入湖口CODMn指标大部分处于较高的污染水平,最高有6.5mg/L,最低约3.0mg/L;(3)蓝藻生物量与CODMn的相关性系数r介于0.3—0.7之间,呈现中低度正相关;(4)3年内蓝藻生物量与DO的相关性系数r介于0.30—0.50,呈现低度正相关,DO浓度有70%以上的频率大于6.0mg/L。结果表明,3个入湖口溶解氧指标能达Ⅱ—Ⅲ类地表水水质标准,但有机物污染已经不容忽视,并且与蓝藻暴发呈一定的相关性。