Recharge processes: piston flow vs preferential flow in semi-arid aquifers of India

Study of groundwater recharge processes is vital for quantification of total natural recharge to the aquifers. One of the recharge processes demonstrated earlier by tracer experiments in the unsaturated zone is that of piston flow movement of soil moisture. Based on this recharge process, environmental tritium, chloride and injected tritium studies have been carried out extensively in various geological environs of India. The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the validity of the piston flow concept in different geological environs viz. consolidated fractured and weathered granites, semi-consolidated sandstones and unconsolidated alluvial tracts, and quantify the contribution from this process as well as that from the preferential flow mechanism using different tracers. Analysis of tracer data demonstrates that the preferential flow recharge process contributes very significantly (an average of 75% of total recharge) in the case of fractured granites and is important (an average of 33% of total recharge) for semi-consolidated sandstones, whereas the preferential flow recharge component is minimal in unconsolidated alluvial tracts (piston flow model is applicable). These findings necessitate re-evaluation of the total natural recharge potential of the above mentioned geological environs in view of the significant preferential flow recharge that is evidenced and estimated. Electronic Publication     

黄土坡面细沟侵蚀过程的REE示踪

利用REE示踪技术探讨了坡面细沟侵蚀的发育过程。试验结果表明：在细沟发育过程中，各坡段细沟侵蚀量呈动态变化趋势；细沟发育过程可以分为起始、发展、稳定3个阶段，在不同阶段，侵蚀方式、发育特征迥异。总的看来，在坡顶部、上部、中部、下部4个坡段上，细沟发育过程中，坡面下部的侵蚀量较大。但随着放水流量的增加，坡面上部侵蚀量的比重增加。由于溯源侵蚀，最下部坡段的相对侵蚀量从92％减少到37％，呈显著下降趋势，其它3个坡段则分别从4．7％、0．25％、2．14％增加到29％、17％和23％。试验结果还表明，REE示踪法不仅可定量测定不同坡位的侵蚀量，还可以揭示冲刷过程中各坡位相对侵蚀量的变化趋势。     

智能网格SCMOC及多模式降水预报对比

以三源融合网格实况降水分析资料CMPAS为参照,基于二分法经典检验、预报评分综合图和面向对象MODE检验等方法,对比分析2021年智能网格预报SCMOC以及ECMWF全球、CMA-Meso中尺度模式在秦岭及周边地区的降水预报表现,主要结论如下：1)ECMWF能够很好地刻画日平均降水量、日降水量标准差以及地形影响下降水量、降水频次的空间分布特征,但对于0.1 mm以上量级的降水预报频次远高于观测,暴雨预报频次低于观测,SCMOC、CMA-Meso日降水量大于等于0.1 mm的降水频次和暴雨频次预报更好;SCMOC不足在于降水的空间精细分布特征描述能力相对较弱。2)ECMWF预报的大于等于0.1 mm降水频次日峰值出现时间整体较观测偏早3 h左右,CMA-Meso、SCMOC与观测总体吻合较好。3)三种产品24 h降水量大于等于0.1 mm的TS(Threat Score)评分数值上基本一致,但降水预报表现的特征显著不同,SCMOC成功率高、命中率低,漏报多、空报少,ECMWF、CMA-Meso则相反;24 h、3 h大雨以上量级降水SCMOC的TS评分、成功率、命中率一致优于其他两种产品...     

Evaluation of gridded precipitation data in the Hindu Kush–Karakoram–Himalaya mountainous area

The accurate measurement of precipitation is crucial for hydrological studies. This is especially true for the Hindu Kush–Karakoram–Himalaya (HKKH) mountain region, which is characterized by high spatiotemporal precipitation variability. The paucity of raingauges makes it difficult to measure precipitation in this region precisely. We conducted evaluation of TMPA 3B42V7 and APHRO 1101 in the HKKH area on a daily basis at a spatial resolution of 0.25°?×?0.25°, using 27 raingauges. Statistically, the largest error in the gridded data arose mainly from elevation, followed by volumetric error and Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency. Overall, the TMPA data have a poor correlation with ground observations in the HKKH area, especially for higher altitudes. The western areas are relatively more underestimated and the Karakoram shows higher frequency of bias in the TMPA retrievals. This method could help improve the satellite precipitation estimation algorithm as it considers local physiography and climatic factors.     

新世纪版《国家普通地图集》中城市地图的研究与编制

当前,我国正在加快城镇化进程,新型智慧城市的建设对城市时空信息基础设施建设提出了更高的要求。为了充分展示我国城市发展现状和满足城市建设需要,新世纪版《国家普通地图集》专门设计和编制了城市图组。城市地图存在资料复杂、内容广泛、形式多样、标准不一、语义不清等问题,项目组采用数据挖掘、深度学习、语义空间匹配、粗差数据发现、数据检核等技术手段,对多元时空数据进行融合及综合处理,同时依据制图综合处理原则与专家经验,结合自动缩编和增量更新技术,生产图幅数据并建立图形数据库。然后采用数据库驱动制图技术,基于图形数据库和符号库实现自动配图,最后通过人工处理少量的协调关系和地图美化,制作完成城市地图。     

大连市滨海湿地鸟类多样性调查

为保护大连市滨海湿地重要生境及其鸟类多样性,文章于2016年8月至2017年10月,选取大连市海岛村和青云河口等9个滨海湿地,采用多种方法和设备,对鸟类开展定点周年连续调查,建立大连市滨海湿地鸟类名录,并分析其种类和时空分布等特征。调查结果表明:大连市滨海湿地鸟类有76种,隶属10目17科,其中鸻形目种类最多,旅鸟和夏候鸟种类最多;春、秋季的种类和数量较多,庄河口的种类和数量均为最多;优势种包括红嘴鸥(Chroicocephalus ridibundus)等3种,常见种包括环颈鸻(Charadrius alexandrinus)等15种,其余为稀有种;由于调查的方式、环境和设备等条件的差异,本次调查与1987年调查相比在种类上有所不同;滨海湿地鸟类的种类和时空分布与大连市的气候条件和地理位置有关;为保护黄嘴白鹭(Egretta eulophotes)和黑脸琵鹭(Pla-talea minor)等全球濒危和极危鸟类的繁殖和栖息空间,应加强对庄河口等滨海湿地的重点保护。     

化感物质抑制短裸甲藻的机理研究

文章通过研究邻苯二甲酸二丁酯(DBP)对短裸甲藻的活性氧自由基(ROS,主要为H_2O_2)水平、过氧化标志产物丙二醛(MDA)含量以及对细胞亚显微结构的影响,初步揭示DBP抑制短裸甲藻的机理,为沿海赤潮的控制和有效防治提供有力的支持。研究结果表明,DBP通过引起短裸甲藻细胞内活性氧自由基的过度积累而引起膜质过氧化,与不添加DBP的对照组相比,在低浓度DBP(0.1mg/L)的影响下,H_2O_2含量前48h变化比较平稳,48h以后逐渐下降。而在高浓度DBP(10mg/L)的影响下,H_2O_2含量变化波动明显,暴露72h后,H_2O_2含量达到248.24nmol·(10~7cells)~(-1),约是对照组的4.67倍。过氧化标志产物MDA在低浓度DBP(0.1mg/L)处理后暴露24h分别出现峰值0.23μmol·(10~9cells)~(-1)、0.28μmol·(10~9cells)~(-1),高浓度DBP(10 mg/L)处理MDA含量24h后持续上升,72h时高达0.351μmol·(10~9 cells)-1,约是对照组的2.32倍。同时DBP可以引起短裸甲藻细胞结构受损,表现在叶绿体、线粒体等细胞器变模糊,细胞空泡化,原生质膜皱缩,细胞脂质体(黑色颗粒)明显增多等,初步认为过氧化损伤为化感物质作用机理。     

pH variability off Goa (eastern Arabian Sea) and the response of sea urchin to ocean acidification scenarios

The increasing atmospheric CO₂ concentration in the last few decades has resulted in a decrease in oceanic pH. In this study, we assessed the natural variability of pH in coastal waters off Goa, eastern Arabian Sea. pH_T showed large variability (7.6–8.1) with low pH conditions during south-west monsoon (SWM), and the variability is found to be associated with upwelling rather than freshwater runoff. Considering that marine biota inhabiting dynamic coastal waters off Goa are exposed to such wide range of natural fluctuations of pH, an acidification experiment was carried out. We studied the impact of low pH on the local population of sea urchin Stomopneustes variolaris (Lamarck, 1816). Sea urchins were exposed for 210 days to three treatments of pH_T: 7.96, 7.76 and 7.46. Our results showed that S. variolaris at pH_T 7.96 and 7.76 were not affected, whereas the ones at pH_T 7.46 showed adverse effects after 120 days and 50% mortality by 210 days. However, even after exposure to low pH for 210 days, 50% organisms survived. Under low pH conditions (pH_T 7.46), the elemental composition of sea urchin spines exhibited deposition of excess Sr²⁺ as compared to Mg²⁺ ions. We conclude that although the sea urchins would be affected in future high CO₂ waters, at present they are not at risk even during the south-west monsoon when low pH waters reside on the shelf.     

利用接收函数研究六盘山地区地壳上地幔结构特征

利用六盘山地区宽频带流动地震台阵的远震体波记录,采用接收函数方法研究台阵下方的地壳上地幔结构,并采用接收函数振幅加权叠加方法对这一地区平均地壳厚度和泊松比进行估算.研究结果显示,青藏高原东北缘和鄂尔多斯的接触过渡带接收函数震相复杂,地壳变形强烈,青藏高原东北缘地壳平均厚度约为51.5km,六盘山下方地壳厚度在53.5km,鄂尔多斯西南缘地壳平均厚度约为50km,整个莫霍面呈下凹状.泊松比计算结果显示,六盘山东侧和西侧地壳泊松比值在正常范围内(0.25～0.26),六盘山下方的地壳泊松比值偏高(0.27～0.29),推测与地壳中存在部分熔融.泊松比值的横向变化,指示测线范围地壳物质组成和力学性质存在横向差异,反映在欧亚板块与印度板块碰撞作用影响下青藏高原下地壳物质存在向北东方向的流动.     

Initiation of the San Jacinto Fault and its Interaction with the San Andreas Fault: Insights from Geodynamic Modeling

The San Andreas Fault (SAF) is the Pacific-North American plate boundary, yet in southern California a significant portion of the relative plate motion is accommodated by the San Jacinto Fault (SJF). Here we investigate the initiation of the SJF and its interaction with the SAF in a three-dimensional visco-elasto-plastic finite-element model. The model results show that the restraining bend of the southern SAF causes strain localization along the SJF, thus may have contributed to its initiation. Slip on the SJF tends to reduce slip rate on the SAF and enhance deformation in the Eastern California Shear Zone. The initiation of the SJF and its interaction with the SAF reflect the evolving plate boundary zone as it continuously seeks the most efficient way to accommodate the relative plate motion.