基于能值分析的江苏省绿色海洋经济可持续发展研究

随着海洋经济的迅速发展,开发利用海洋资源与保护生态环境之间的矛盾日益突出,因此,评估绿色海洋经济可持续发展的态势对促进海洋经济和生态环境的协调发展意义深远。本文以江苏省为研究区,利用能值分析理论和方法,将海洋经济系统内可更新资源、不可更新资源、货币流、废物流等各类要素,通过能值转换率转换为统一标准的太阳能值,采用海域能值-货币比率、人均海域能值使用量、能值可持续发展指数、绿色海洋生产总值(绿色GOP)等指标,测度了2011—2015年江苏省绿色海洋经济可持续发展水平,旨在推进海洋经济可持续发展研究方法的应用,为江苏省海洋经济系统的综合评价及可持续发展管理提供科学依据。研究表明:(1)2011—2015年,江苏省绿色GOP持续增长,占传统GOP的比重从74.8%升至77.8%,表明江苏省在海洋经济快速增长的过程中,没有忽视对海洋资源和生态环境的保护。(2)江苏省绿色海洋经济可持续发展处于不稳定的状态:2011年可持续发展指数为12.77,2012—2015年可持续发展指数在6.87～9.70之间波动,表明江苏省海洋经济系统从经济不发达以及对海洋资源的开发利用程度不足,逐步过渡到海洋经济富有活力,发展效益好,可持续性强。     

北京市住房价格和租金的空间分异与相互关系

当前中国住房销售市场、住房租赁市场发展不平衡,研究住房价格、租金的空间分异与相互关系,对建立“租售并举”的住房制度具有重要参考价值。利用2016年北京市各住宅小区的住房价格、租金数据,及2006—2016年北京市逐月住房销售价格指数、住房租赁价格指数,从时空尺度剖析了住房价格、租金的空间分异与相互关系,并剖析了背后的差异机制。结果表明：① 北京市住房价格和租金的空间格局均呈多中心圈层递减结构,且南北差异明显,但租金的空间分异程度弱于住房价格。② 住房价格具有中等程度的空间相关性,受政策等随机性因素影响相对较大,而租金具有强烈的空间相关性,受区位交通等确定性因素影响相对较大。③ 住房价格和租金的价格剖面线并不相同,住房价格易受学区、大型公园等的影响,而租金更易受就业所在地、建筑年龄等的影响。售租比呈混乱斑驳、相对均质的扁平化分布特征,且小区越高档,售租比越高。④ 北京市住房销售市场和住房租赁市场基本相对独立发展,更符合双重市场的特征。产生上述差异的主要原因在于住房销售市场和住房租赁市场的市场特征、服务人群以及市场发育程度不同。     

基于自然属性的无居民海岛等别划分

为科学配置我国无居民海岛资源,促进无居民海岛的开发利用与保护,文章基于无居民海岛的自然属性,研究无居民海岛的等别划分。研究结果表明:对于可开发利用的无居民海岛,以充分体现海岛价值、定性和定量相结合以及具有导向性、客观性和可操作性为原则划分等别;遴选权益价值、生态价值和资源价值3类要素及其14个指标,构建无居民海岛等别划分指标体系;除直接定性划分为禁止开发利用等别和最高等别的无居民海岛外,依据海岛的面积、离岸距离、植被和沙滩情况,将无居民海岛划分为6个等别。基于自然属性的无居民海岛等别划分指标体系更具科学性和实用性。     

基于耳石微结构的南海鸢乌贼日龄和生长研究

年龄和生长速度等参数是渔业资源评估和管理的基础。鸢乌贼生命周期短、生长速度快。为研究鸢乌贼的日龄和生长, 利用2016年10月—2017年9月灯光罩网作业方式采集的南海鸢乌贼样本, 通过耳石微结构研究南海鸢乌贼不同种群、性别间的日龄组成和生长的差异, 结果表明: 1) 鸢乌贼中型群日龄范围48~125d, 优势日龄61~80d, 雌雄个体日龄组成差异显著; 微型群日龄范围44~95d, 优势日龄51~70d, 雌雄个体日龄组成差异极显著。2) 鸢乌贼中型群孵化时间为2016年7月—2017年7月, 1月和7—8月为孵化高峰期; 微型群孵化时间为2016年6—10月和12月至翌年2月, 1月和8月为孵化高峰期。3) 中型群雌雄胴长、体质量与日龄分别符合对数和线性关系; 微型群雌雄胴长与日龄分别符合对数和Logistic关系, 而体质量与日龄符合Logistic关系。4) 南海鸢乌贼微型群生长速度大于中型群, 微型群雄性个体生长速度大于雌性, 而中型群雄性个体生长速度小于雌性。通过对耳石生长纹的分析, 了解鸢乌贼的日龄组成、推算孵化时间、选出合适的生长方程及估算生长速度, 为渔业生物学提供基础资料。     

Growth and feeding habits of invasive Pseudorasbora parva in the Chabalang Wetland(Lhasa,China) and its trophic impacts on native fish

In recent years, fish invasion has become one of the main reasons for the decline of native fish stocks. Pseudorasbora parva is considered one of the major invasive species worldwide. The present study investigated the fish resources of the Chabalang Wetland (Lhasa, Tibet) during diff erent seasons in 2009 and 2013. Four hundred and twelve individuals were subsampled to estimate age, growth, and feeding habit of P . parva . Furthermore, food relationships between P . parva and the native Schizothoracinae fish were also examined. The results revealed a significant shift in species composition and community structure characterized by the disappearance of native fish and outbreak of non-native fish. The percentage of nonnative P . parva in the fish collections significantly increased from 33.64% in 2009 to 64.08% in 2013. The standard length (SL) ranged from 22.00 to 78.71 mm, and their age was 1–5 a. The von Bertalanff y function was used to model the observed length-at-age data as L t =112.19(1–e^-0.1495 ( t +0.8012)) for females and as L t =123.12 (1–e^-0.1500 ( t +0.7132)) for males. The results indicated that P . parva in Tibet has lower growth and mortality rates compared with that from the native ranges. Ninety-seven prey taxa belonging to 9 prey categories were identified in the gut of 38 P . parva . P . parva can be considered a generalized and opportunistic predator, competing with the native fish, especially Schizothorax o’connori , Schizopygopsis younghusbandi younghusbandi , and Ptychobarbus dipogon , for Bacillariophyta and Chironomid larvae. This is an important reason for the decline in native fish population.     

Decadal variations of the North Pacific Tropical Water at 137°E

The decadal variations of the North Pacifi c Tropical Water (NPTW) at 137°E in the western North Pacific Ocean are investigated based on the repeated hydrographic observations along with two global gridded ocean products. The results indicate that the maximum salinity of NPTW experiences signifi cant quasi-decadal variations, having maxima around 1979, 1987, 1995, 2004, and 2012, while minima around 1974, 1983, 1991, 1999, and 2008 during the period of interest. The NPTW area also shows similar quasidecadal variation, expanding/shrinking as its maximum salinity increases/decreases at the 137°E section. These variations are induced mainly by changes in the mixed layer salinity in the source region and largescale circulation in the northwestern tropical Pacific Ocean, both of which are related to the Pacific Decadal Oscillation. The underlying processes at work are further confi rmed through conducting the subsurface salinity budget analysis. Besides, short-term processes are also at work through nonlinear interactions, especially after 2000.     

风云三号C星微波成像仪升降轨偏差问题分析及订正

风云三号(FY-3)的微波成像仪(MWRI)能够全天候获取全球大气水汽含量、云雨参数及海面温度等的空间分布,并可为数值天气预报提供初始场信息进而提高天气预报的准确性。但FY-3C MWRI O-B(O是卫星观测亮温,B是数值天气预报模式模拟亮温)偏差结果存在较大升降轨差异,严重制约了遥感信息的正确提取以及在数值天气预报模式中的业务同化应用。本文通过分析定标方程各参数:定标黑体物理温度、热反射镜背瓣亮温、热反射镜物理温度、冷空反射镜物理温度、接收通道温度、黑体观测计数值、冷空观测计数值、定标斜率、定标截距,并对定标方程各项进行敏感性分析,找出了引起MWRI升降轨偏差的主要原因是热反射镜的发射率异常增大引起的。经过不断调整MWRI的热反射镜发射率,使升轨O-B与降轨O-B的概率分布逐渐重合,初步估算了热反射镜发射率。本文的订正方法可指导未来仪器的发展,并为直接同化MWRI辐射数据提供了条件。     

网络三维技术下的时空可视化分析

随着数据获取技术的快速发展,海量时空数据的来源越来越广。然而受限于数据的认知能力,人们无法高效地从海量时空数据中获取有用信息。利用人的视觉带宽,进行数据可视化分析,可以大大增强对数据的认知能力,提高数据分析效率,从而更快地对时空进行感知,制定决策。时空立方体作为一种三维的时空数据可视化方法,可以直观地展示时空数据的动态特质、周期性规律以及分布状况,对于辅助决策具有重要意义。本文利用WebGL技术,实现了Web端时空立方体的快速生成;并基于中国铁路运输开展实验,对全国铁路运输时空数据进行可视化分析,验证了网络时空可视化分析的实用性。     

南极绿藻中类菌胞素氨基酸对UV-B胁迫的响应

南极上空臭氧层的破坏导致了紫外辐射日益增强,高强度的UV-B辐射会造成细胞中DNA的损伤,影响蛋白质、脂类和色素的代谢过程。生长在南极的绿藻具有一系列防御机制以应对增强的UV-B辐射,其中类菌胞素氨基酸(Mycosporine-like amino acids, MAAs)是一类重要的紫外防御物质。为探究类菌胞素氨基酸对UV-B辐射的响应,本文以南极冰藻(Chlamydomonassp.ICE-L)、针丝藻(Raphidonema nivale Lagerheim, NIES-2290)和胶球藻(Coccomyxa subellipsoidea E.Acton, NIES-2166)三种生活在南极的绿藻为材料,采用UV-B辐射胁迫(强度0.35 W/m~2,短时处理3 h),并通过液相色谱-质谱联用法检测类菌胞素氨基酸的种类和含量的变化。Mycosporine-glycine为三种南极绿藻中共有的MAAs,在UV-B辐射胁迫下三种南极绿藻中Mycosporine-glycine含量变化不尽相同,表明不同的南极绿藻中MAAs对UV-B辐射的响应各有其特性。首次在绿藻(南极冰藻和胶球藻)中检测到Gadusol。Gadusol作为MAAs的合成前体,它的合成积累使得生活在海冰环境的南极冰藻和胶球藻具有良好的抗UV-B辐射能力。其中南极冰藻抗紫外能力最强,这可能得益于不同MAAs间的动态转化,含量升高的Palythine及Usujirene/Palythene可能对南极冰藻的紫外屏蔽起着至关重要的作用。     

东南亚近岸海区浮游植物光合色素和群落组成—印度尼西亚贯穿流和吉兰丹河口区的比较研究

Water samples were collected in order to study the spatial variation of photosynthetic pigments and phytoplankton community composition in the Lembeh Strait(Indonesia) and the Kelantan River Estuary(Malaysia)during July and August 2016, respectively. Phytoplankton photosynthetic pigments were detected using high performance liquid chromatography combining with the CHEMTAX software to confirm the Chl a biomass and community composition. The Chl a concentration was low at surface in the Lembeh Strait, which it was 0.580–0.682 μg/L, with the average(0.620±0.039) μg/L. Nevertheless, the Chl a concentration fluctuated violently at surface in the Kelantan River Estuary, in which the biomass was 0.299–3.988 μg/L, with the average(0.922±0.992) μg/L. The biomass at bottom water was higher than at surface in the Kelantan River Estuary, in which the Chl a concentration was 0.704–2.352 μg/L, with the average(1.493±0.571) μg/L. Chl b, zeaxanthin and fucoxanthin were three most abundant pigments in the Lembeh Strait. As a consequence, phytoplankton community composition was different in the two study areas. In the Lembeh Strait, prasinophytes(26.48%±0.83%) and Synechococcus(25.73%±4.13%) occupied ～50% of the Chl a biomass, followed by diatoms(20.49%±2.34%) and haptophytes T8(15.13%±2.42%). At surface water in the Kelantan River Estuary, diatoms(58.53%±18.44%)dominated more than half of the phytoplankton biomass, followed by Synechococcus(27.27%±14.84%) and prasinophytes(7.00%±4.39%). It showed the similar status at the bottom water in the Kelantan River Estuary,where diatoms, Synechococcus and prasinophytes contributed 64.89%±15.29%, 16.23%±9.98% and 8.91%±2.62%,respectively. The different phytoplankton community composition between the two regions implied that the bottom up control affected the phytoplankton biomass in the Lembeh Strait where the oligotrophic water derived from the West Pacific Ocean. The terrigenous nutrients supplied the diatoms growing, and pico-phytoplankton was grazed through top down control in the Kelantan River Estuary.