On some applications of invariant manifolds

Taking transfer orbits of a collinear libration point probe, a lunar probe and an interplanetary probe as examples, some applications of stable and unstable invariant manifolds of the restricted three-body problem are discussed. Research shows that transfer energy is not necessarily conserved when invariant manifolds are used. For the cases in which the transfer energy is conserved, the cost is a much longer transfer time.     

The Key Techniques and Design Features of YH-1 Mars Probe

In this paper, the function and composition as well as the key techniques (ultra-long distance communication, attitude determination and control, thermal control, ultra-low temperature acclimatization, etc.) of China's first Mars probe are analyzed. In combination with practical engineering conditions, the solutions of these key techniques are given. The design features of the probe are summarized, as a reference for developing the probes of the subsequent related missions in China.     

青海湖沉积物生物硅的环境意义初步研究

湖泊沉积物中生物硅含量的变化已经被广泛应用于评价湖泊生产力和古气候变化研究,但大型湖泊不同位置生物硅含量的时空变化及其与环境要素之间的关系仍缺乏详细的现代过程研究.通过对青海湖不同位置表层沉积样品的生物硅含量测定,建立其空间分布模式及最近数百年生物硅含量的时间序列.结果表明,青海湖表层沉积物生物硅含量变化范围是1.75%～2.98%,平均值为2.25%.与世界其他湖泊相比,青海湖生物硅含量处于相对较低水平,可能与其特殊的地理位置和气候条件有关.青海湖生物硅含量的空间分布规律与沉积物质量堆积速率以及陆源组分含量(如SiO2)相反,而与化学/生物沉积组分(如CaCO3)含量的空间分布规律大体一致,说明生物硅的空间分布受到陆源碎屑物质的"稀释效应"影响.时间序列上,生物硅含量与SiO2含量呈相反变化趋势,与指示降雨量变化的C/N比值也是反相变化,说明生物硅含量在时间序列上也受与气候条件密切相关的陆源输入的影响.青海湖湖心低沉积速率区域的生物硅指标具有指示古气候变化的潜力.     

安徽峙门口铜—铁—金—硫矿床地球化学特征

峙门口铜—铁—金—硫矿床发育上部层状矿体和下部脉状矿体。上部层状矿石重晶石的δ~(34)S值为+14.10‰～+18.90‰。上部层状矿石黄铁矿和方铅矿的δ~(34)S值为+3.50‰～+5.84‰,下部脉状矿石黄铁矿的δ~(34)S值为+4.80‰～+6.80‰。下部脉状矿石中脉石英的δ~(18)O值为+14.3‰～+1 8.5‰,δ~(30)Si值为-0.3%0～-0.2‰。下部脉状矿石黄铁矿Re/Os比值为78.342～175.540,上(顶)部层状矿石中黄铁矿Re/Os比值为62.298～169.545。从下部脉状矿石到上部层状矿石,δ~(34)S值、Re/Os比值和流体包裹体温度249 ℃→97 ℃逐渐降低,~(206)Pb/~(204)Pb、~(207)Pb/~(204)Pb、~(208)Pb/~(204)Pb平均值和Os_总、Re、~(187)Re等含量逐渐增高。矿石黄铁矿Re-Os同位素等时线年龄303±33 Ma。地质地球化学特征反映峙门口铜—铁—金—硫矿床为海底热水喷流沉积成因。     

宁芜盆地火山-次火山岩的锆石U-Pb年龄、Hf同位素组成及其地质意义

宁芜火山盆地是长江中下游重要的火山盆地之一,在盆地内自下而上依次发育龙王山组、大王山组、姑山组和娘娘山组火山岩和若干个同源次火山岩或小侵入岩体。本文对宁芜盆地火山-次火山岩进行了详细的锆石U-Pb年龄和Hf同位素地球化学研究。研究结果表明,大王山组粗安岩锆石U-Pb年龄为130.3±0.9Ma,姑山组两个粗安岩锆石U-Pb年龄分别为128.2±1.3Ma和128.5±1.8Ma,另外三个侵入岩年龄分别为127.1±1.2Ma、128.3±0.6Ma和128.2±1.0Ma,均为早白垩纪。综合前人成果,认为长江中下游地区火山盆地内火山活动的时限在135～124Ma之间,不存在侏罗纪岩浆活动。宁芜盆地火山岩和侵入岩的锆石176Hf/177Hf值在0.282502～0.282673范围内,εHf(t)变化为-6.9～-0.7,显示岩浆源自于岩石圈富集地幔部分熔融并在上升过程中受地壳物质的混染,为岩石圈伸展环境的产物。     

真空预压联合电渗加固高塑性软土的试验研究

为处理常规排水固结法难以处理的高塑性软土,进行了真空预压联合电渗加固的大比尺室内模型试验研究。试验首先对塑性指数为26～29的高塑性软土进行真空预压的加固,待固结度达到80%后启动电渗进行加固。试验中对电流、电势和表层沉降等进行了全面的监测。试验结果表明电极反转、间歇通电技术有利于提高电能的利用率。土体强度由加固前的0～7.1kPa增长到加固后的18.2～26.2kPa。后期电渗对强度增长的贡献十分明显。     

Spatial and seasonal variation of major ions in Himalayan snow and ice: A source consideration

The spatial and temporal variation of major ions (Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, Na⁺, K⁺, , , and Cl⁻) in Himalayan snow and ice is investigated by using two snow pits from the East Rongbuk glacier (28°01′N, 86°58′E, 6500 m a.s.l.), one snow pit from the Nangpai Gosum glacier (28°03′N, 86°39′E, 5700 m a.s.l.), one snow pit from the Gyabrag glacier (28°11′N, 86°38′E, 6303 m a.s.l.), and three ice cores from the Sentik (35°59′N, 75°58′E, 4908 m a.s.l.), Dasuopu (28°33′N, 85°44′E, 7000 m a.s.l.), and East Rongbuk (27°59′N, 86°55′E, 6450 m a.s.l.) glaciers, respectively. In general, the major ions show a significant seasonal variation, with high concentrations during the non-monsoon (pre-monsoon and post-monsoon) season and relatively low concentrations during the monsoon season. Monsoon precipitation with high local/regional dust loading related to summer circulation is possibly responsible for the high concentrations occurring sporadically during the monsoon season. The crest of the Himalayas is an effective barrier to the spatial distribution of Na⁺, Cl⁻ and concentrations, but not to the major ions associated with dust influx (e.g. Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺). Atmospheric backward trajectories from the HYSPLIT_4 model used in identifying chemical species sourcing suggest that the major ions in the Himalayan snow and ice come mainly from the Thar Desert located in the North India, as well as West Asia, or even the distant Sahara Desert in the North Africa during the winter and spring seasons. This is different from the conventionally assumed arid and semi-arid regions of the central Asia. Factors, such as different vapor sources due to atmospheric circulation patterns and geographical features (e.g. altitude, topography), may contribute to the differences in major ionic concentrations between the western and eastern Himalayas.     

沁水盆地南部柿庄南区块煤层气地质特征

以国家科技重大专项《山西沁水盆地南部煤层气直井开发示范工程》成果为依据,以以往的地质勘查及研究成果为参考,对沁水盆地南部柿庄南区块煤层气地质特征进行分析。分析认为南部柿庄南区块构造简单,煤变质程度高、煤层厚度大、埋深适中而且分布稳定,有利于煤层气生成,煤层吸附能力较强,储层渗透率较好,煤层气保存条件好,是沁南煤层气勘探开发最有利区块之一。开发利用该区块煤层气资源,可有效改善地区能源结构、加快区域经济发展,降低后期煤炭开发风险,具有非常可观的社会及经济效益。     

空心块体水沙动力及泥沙淤积特性研究

空心块体具有良好的阻水和促淤功能,近年来被广泛用于生态修复工程。本文结合水槽试验及Flow-3D数值模拟,分析了开敞型和半封闭型空心块体的阻水效应和泥沙淤积特性。结果表明:空心块体的开孔率对内部水流流速、紊动强度起主导作用,开孔率较小的半开敞型空心块体减速、制紊效果更强;开敞型和半封闭型空心块体近底层悬沙浓度分别增大56%和75%,两者均有利于促进泥沙在块体内部淤积,近底层水流紊动越强,泥沙淤积形态差异越大;空心块体所营造的低流速、泥沙微淤、内外连通的水沙环境是大型底栖生物的生境需求,半封闭型空心块体内部的低紊动水流结构更有利于大型底栖生物的栖息、繁衍。     

Experimental Study of Overtopping on Sea Dikes and Coastal Flooding Under the Coupled Processes of Tides and Waves

Storm surges are cataclysmic natural disasters that occur along the coasts and are usually accompanied by large waves. The effects of coupled storm surges and waves can pose a significant threat to coastal security. Previous laboratory studies on the effects of storm surges and waves on coastal structures have typically utilized steady water levels and constant wave elements. An indoor simulation of the coupled processes of tides and waves is developed by adding a tide generation system to an existing laboratory wave basin to model continuous dynamic tide levels so that tide generation and wave-making occur synchronously in the pool. Specific experimental methods are given, which are applied to further study waves overtopping on artificial sea dikes and coastal flooding evolution under the coupled actions of tides and waves. The results of the overtopping discharge obtained by the test with a dynamic water level are compared with those obtained from steady water level tests and the existing empirical formula. In addition, the impacts of ecological coastal shelterbelts and structures on coastal flood processes and distributions are also investigated. The proposed simulation methods provide a new approach for studying the effects of storm surges and waves on coastal areas. The study also aims to provide a reference for coastal protective engineering.