Periodic orbits for space-based reflectors in the circular restricted three-body problem

In this article, we investigate the mathematical part of De Sitter’s theory on the Galilean satellites, and further extend this theory by showing the existence of some quasi-periodic librating orbits by application of KAM theorems. After showing the existence of De Sitter’s family of linearly stable periodic orbits in the Jupiter–Io–Europa–Ganymede model by averaging and reduction techniques in the Hamiltonian framework, we further discuss the possible extension of this theory to include a fourth satellite Callisto, and establish the existence of a set of positive measure of quasi-periodic librating orbits in both models for almost all choices of masses among which one sufficiently dominates the others.     

浙闽沿海地区I型-A型复合花岗岩体的地球化学及成因

以鼓山－魁岐、青田和普陀山－桃花岛三个典型岩体为例,系统研究了浙闽沿海Ｉ型－Ａ型复合花岗岩体的地质和地球化学特征。研究结果表明：复合岩体中Ｉ型与Ａ型花岗岩在主量、微量和稀土元素特征上均存在明显变异。总体而言,Ａ型花岗岩较之Ｉ型花岗岩富硅、富碱、贫钙、镁、铝,并具偏高的Ｒｂ／Ｓｒ、Ｒｂ／Ｂａ、Ｇａ／Ａｌ和偏低的ＬＲＥＥ／ＨＲＥＥ比值及显著的铕负异常。两类花岗岩的Ｎｄ、Ｓｒ同位素组成均具有壳幔混熔岩浆的特点,但仍存在一定的变异。上述变异既有岩浆分异演化的影响,又有幔源岩浆卷入的贡献,在不同的复合岩体中起主导作用的因素各不相同。通过对岩石产出动力地质背景的全面分析,结合本区不同复合岩体中二类花岗岩具不同地球化学变异特点的地质事实,提出浙闽沿海Ｉ型－Ａ型复合花岗岩是区域构造应力、断裂构造、幔源岩浆卷入和岩浆分异演化多种因素综合作用的结果     

UV-Vis spectrophotometric and XAFS studies of ferric chloride complexes in hyper-saline LiCl solutions at 25-90 °C

The speciation and thermodynamic properties of ferric chloride complexes in hydrothermal solutions and hypersaline brines are still poorly understood, despite the importance of this element as a micronutrient and ore-component. Available experimental data are limited to room temperature and relatively low chloride concentrations. This paper reports results of UV-Vis spectrophotometric and synchrotron XAFS experiments of ferric chloride complexes in chloride concentrations up to 15 m and at temperatures of 25-90 °C. Qualitative interpretation of the UV-Vis spectra shows that FeCl²⁺, FeCl₂⁺, FeCl_3(aq) and FeCl₄⁻ were present in the experimental solutions. As chloride concentrations increase, higher ligand number complexes become important with FeCl₄⁻ predominating in solutions containing more than 10 m at 25 °C. The predominance fields of FeCl_3(aq) and FeCl₄⁻ expand to lower Cl concentrations with increasing T. Both XANES and UV-Vis spectra reveal a major change in the geometry of the complex between FeCl₂⁺ and FeCl_3(aq). EXAFS data confirm that the number of chloride ligands increases with increasing chloride concentration and show that Fe³⁺, FeCl²⁺ and FeCl₂⁺ share an octahedral geometry. FeCl_3(aq) could be either tetrahedral or trigonal dipyramidal, while FeCl₄⁻ is expected to be tetrahedral. EXAFS data support a tetrahedral geometry for FeCl₄⁻, especially at 90 °C, but do not allow to distinguish between a tetrahedral or trigonal dipyramidal geometry for FeCl_3(aq) because of similar Fe-Cl distances. At room temperature, EXAFS data suggest that FeCl_3(aq) may be a mixture of octahedral and tetrahedral or trigonal dipyramidal forms.The room temperature formation constants for three ferric chloride complexes (FeCl₂⁺, FeCl_3(aq) and FeCl₄⁻) determined from the UV data are generally in good agreement with previous studies. Calculations based on the properties extrapolated to 300 °C show that hematite solubility is much higher than previously estimated, and that the high orders complexes FeCl_3(aq) and FeCl₄⁻ are important at high temperatures even in solutions with low chloride concentrations. The accuracy of these properties is limited by a poor understanding of activity-composition relationships in concentrated electrolytes, and by limitations in the available experimental techniques and extrapolation algorithms; however, the inclusion of higher order complexes in numerical models of ore transport and deposition allows for a more accurate qualitative prediction of Fe behaviour in hydrothermal and hypersaline systems.     

Australian blocking impacts on ocean surface waves

Climate Dynamics - We assess the impact of split-flow blocking in the Australian region on global ocean wind waves using 30 years of high-resolution wave data from the CAWCR wave model...     

Tower-based conditional sampling for measuring ecosystem-scale carbon dioxide exchange in coastal wetlands

Long-term measurements of CO₂ exchange between coastal wetlands and the atmosphere are necessary to improve our understanding of the role these ecosystems play in the global carbon cycle, and the response of these systems to environmental change. We conducted research to adapt and evaluate tower-based conditional sampling as a method for measuring net CO₂ exchange (NCE) at the ecosystem scale on a continuous basis. With conditional sampling, NCE is determined from the product of the standard deviation of vertical wind velocity, the difference in CO₂ concentration between updrafts and downdrafts in the constant flux portion of the boundary layer above the surface, and an empirical coefficient. We constructed a system that used a sonic anemometer to measure vertical wind velocity (w) and control a high-speed three-way valve that diverted air from updrafts and downdrafts into separate sample lines, depending on the direction ofw. an infrared gas analyzer was used to measure the concentration difference. The conditional sampling system was installed and tested in a marsh in the Nueces River Delta near Corpus Christi, Texas, as part of a long-term study of effects of freshwater inflow on CO₂ flux. System accuracy was evaluated by comparing conditional sampling measurements of water vapor flux with independent estimates obtained with the Bowen ratio method. Average daily flux estimates for the two methods agreed to within 13%. Measurements showed that freshwater inflow due to flooding of the Nueces River increased NCE by increasing CO₂ assimilation and decreasing CO₂ efflux. Over a 65-d period, daily NCE varied from a maximum gain of 0.16 mol CO₂ m⁻² d⁻¹ during flooding to a maximum loss of −0.14 mol CO₂ m⁻² d⁻¹ when the marsh dried. Our study showed that conditional sampling was well suited for quantifying CO₂ exchange in coastal wetlands on a diel, daily, and seasonal basis.     

密坑山锡矿同位素年代学研究的启示

密坑山锡矿田位于江西省会昌县西南约40km处。该区为一晚中生代破火山,火山岩为上侏罗统鸡笼嶂组流纹质凝灰熔岩及火山碎屑岩,火山口周围环状及放射状断裂发育,火山口中心为浅成相的密坑山似斑状钾长花岗岩中央岩株侵入体所充填。上世纪80年代以来,在该岩体与流纹质凝灰熔岩的内外接触带相继发现了岩背、淘锡坝、苦竹岽、矿背、上湾等一批大、中型锡多金属矿床或矿点,表明这一岩体对成矿具有重要的制约作用。本文运用LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb、全岩Rb-Sr和辉钼矿Re-Os同位素定年技术,对密坑山岩体及相关锡矿床的成岩和成矿年龄进行了精确测…     

福建沿海铝质A型花岗岩的地球化学及岩石成因

以乌山、金刚山和新村三个典型岩体为例,系统研究了福建沿海铝质Ａ型花岗岩的地质和地球化学特征。研究结果表明,铝质Ａ型花岗岩常含有锰铝榴石、富锰白云母等特征的富铝矿物,化学成分上相对富铝,为一套准铝到弱过铝的岩石组成,并具有贫磷、贫钛,氧化指数较低等特征。与碱性花岗岩相比,其Ｎｂ、Ｔａ、Ｚｒ、Ｈｆ、Ｇａ、Ｙ和Ｚｎ等元素的含量及稀土总量和Ｇａ／Ａｌ比值均偏低,但轻、重稀土的分馏程度（尤其是重稀土的分馏程     

Cooling and exhumation of the mid-Jurassic porphyry copper systems in Dexing City,SE China: insights from geo- and thermochronology

The Dexing porphyry copper and Yinshan polymetallic deposits in Dexing City, southeastern China are both giant porphyry ore systems. Located 15 km apart, they formed synchronously and share a similar magma source and metallogenic evolution, but their metal endowment, dominant rock types, and alteration assemblages differ significantly. In this contribution, we investigate the cause of these distinctions through new molybdenite Re–Os ages and zircon and apatite (U–Th)/He thermochronology data. Dexing has a molybdenite Re–Os age of ~170.3 Ma, zircon (U–Th)/He (ZHe) ages of 110 to 120 Ma and apatite (U–Th)/He (AHe) ages of 7 to 9 Ma. In contrast, Yinshan has older ZHe ages of 128 to 140 Ma and an AHe age of ~30 Ma. Viewed in combination with previously published data, we conclude that the apparently slow cooling experienced by these bodies is primarily a reflection of their experiencing multiple episodes of thermal disturbance. We tentatively infer that both deposits were exposed in the Late Miocene or more recent time, with the Dexing deposit more deeply exhumed than Yinshan. Our study has exploration implications for deeper porphyry-style ores at Yinshan and for porphyry deposits in non-arc (intraplate) settings in general.     

Easily retrievable objects among the NEO population

Asteroids and comets are of strategic importance for science in an effort to understand the formation, evolution and composition of the Solar System. Near-Earth Objects (NEOs) are of particular interest because of their accessibility from Earth, but also because of their speculated wealth of material resources. The exploitation of these resources has long been discussed as a means to lower the cost of future space endeavours. In this paper, we consider the currently known NEO population and define a family of so-called Easily Retrievable Objects (EROs), objects that can be transported from accessible heliocentric orbits into the Earth’s neighbourhood at affordable costs. The asteroid retrieval transfers are sought from the continuum of low energy transfers enabled by the dynamics of invariant manifolds; specifically, the retrieval transfers target planar, vertical Lyapunov and halo orbit families associated with the collinear equilibrium points of the Sun–Earth Circular Restricted Three Body problem. The judicious use of these dynamical features provides the best opportunity to find extremely low energy Earth transfers for asteroid material. A catalogue of asteroid retrieval candidates is then presented. Despite the highly incomplete census of very small asteroids, the ERO catalogue can already be populated with 12 different objects retrievable with less than 500 m/s of $\Delta v$ Δ v . Moreover, the approach proposed represents a robust search and ranking methodology for future retrieval candidates that can be automatically applied to the growing survey of NEOs.     

A modelling approach for estimating the frequency of sea level extremes and the impact of climate change in southeast Australia

An efficient approach for evaluating storm tide return levels along the southeastern coastline of Australia under present and future climate conditions is described. Storm surge height probabilities for the present climate are estimated using hydrodynamic model simulations of surges identified in recent tide gauge records. Tides are then accounted for using a joint probability method. Storm tide height return levels obtained in this way are similar to those obtained from the direct analysis of tide gauge records. The impact of climate change on extreme sea levels is explored by adding a variety of estimates of mean sea level rise and by forcing the model with modified wind data. It is shown that climate change has the potential to reduce average recurrence intervals of present climate 1 in 100 year storm tide levels along much of the northern Bass Strait coast to between 1 and 2 years by the year 2070.