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41.
A comparative study of blue and green beryl crystals (from the region of Governador Valadares, Minas Gerais, Brazil) using electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) and optical absorption (OA) spectroscopy is reported. The EPR spectra show that Fe3+ in blue beryl occupies a substitutional Al3+ site and in green beryl is localized in the structural channels between two O6 planes. On the other hand the infrared spectra show that the alkali content in the blue beryl is mostly at substitutional and/or interstitial sites and in green beryl is mostly in the structural channels. The OA spectra show two types of Fe2+. Thermal treatments above 200° C in green beryl cause the reduction of Fe3+ into Fe2+ accompanied by a change of color to blue. The blue beryl color does not change on heating. The kinetics of the thermal conversion of Fe3+ into Fe2+ is composed of two first order processes; the first one has an activation energy ΔE 1=0.30 eV and the second one has an activation energy ΔE 2=0.46 eV. 相似文献
42.
D. Wang N. Takagi T. Watanabe V.A. Rakov M.A. Uman K.J. Rambo M.V. Stapleton 《Atmospheric Research》2005,76(1-4):412
A comparative analysis has been performed of the channel-base current and light waveforms for four rocket-triggered lightning strokes. It has been found that the current and light signals at the bottom of the channel exhibit a linear relationship (direct proportionality) in their rising portions. However, just after the peaks the linearity disappears, and the light signals usually decrease faster than the currents during the next several microseconds. Later, this trend is reversed and in some cases the light signals show another rising trend, even when the currents continue to decrease. The linear light/current relationship for the rising portions of the waveforms appears to be the same for different strokes. The findings support the idea of evaluating the variation of return stroke current along the lightning return stroke channel using light signals, provided that evaluation is limited to the rising portions of those signals and assuming that the light/current relationship observed at the bottom of the channel holds at other heights. 相似文献
43.
New ion cyclotron whistlers which have the asymptotic frequency of one half the local proton gyrofrequency, , and the minimum (or equatorial) proton gyrofrequency, Gpm, along the geomagnetic field line passing through the satellite have been found in the low-latitude topside ionosphere from the spectrum analysis of ISIS VLF electric field data received at Kashima, Japan. Ion cyclotron whistlers with asymptotic frequency of Gpm or are observed only in the region of or rarely , where B is the local magnetic field and Bm is the mini magnetic field along the geomagnetic field line passing through the satellite.The particles with one half the proton gyrofrequency may be the deuteron or alpha particle. Theoretical spectrograms of the electron whistlers (R-mode) and the ion cyclotron whistlers (L-mode) propagating along the geomagnetic field lines are computed for the appropriate distributions of the electron density and the ionic composition, and compared with the observed spectrograms.The result shows that the ion cyclotron whistler with the asymptotic frequency of is the deuteron whistler, and that the ion cyclotron whistlers with the asymptotic frequency of Gpm or are caused by the trans-equatorial propagation of the proton or deuteron whistler from the other hemisphere. 相似文献
44.
Keiichi Tadokoro Masataka Ando Şerif Bariş Kin'ya Nishigami Mamoru Nakamura S. Balamir Ücer Akihiko Ito Yoshimori Honkura A. Mete Işikara 《Journal of Seismology》2002,6(3):411-417
The North Anatolian fault zone that ruptured during the mainshock of theM 7.4 Kocaeli (Izmit) earthquake of 17 August 1999 has beenmonitored using S wave splitting, in order to test a hypothesisproposed by Tadokoro et al. (1999). This idea is based on the observationof the M 7.2 1995 Hyogo-ken Nanbu (Kobe) earthquake, Japan.After the Hyogo-ken Nanbu earthquake, a temporal change was detectedin the direction of faster shear wave polarization in 2–3 years after the mainshock (Tadokoro, 1999). Four seismic stations were installed within andnear the fault zone at Kizanlik where the fault offset was 1.5 m, about80 km to the east of the epicenter of the Kocaeli earthquake. Theobservation period was from August 30 to October 27, 1999. Preliminaryresult shows that the average directions of faster shear wave polarization attwo stations were roughly parallel to the fault strike. We expect that thedirection of faster shear wave polarization will change to the same directionas the regional tectonic stress reflecting fault healing process. We havealready carried out a repeated aftershock observation at the same site in2000 for monitoring the fault healing process. 相似文献
45.
Fog and rain water chemistry at Mt. Fuji: A case study during the September 2002 campaign 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Koichi Watanabe Yusaku Takebe Nobuhiro Sode Yasuhito Igarashi Hiroshi Takahashi Yukiko Dokiya 《Atmospheric Research》2006,82(3-4):652
Measurements of fog and rain water chemistry at the summit of Mt. Fuji, the highest peak in Japan, as well as at Tarobo, the ESE slope of Mt. Fuji in September 2002. The pH of fog and rain water sampled at Mt. Fuji varied over a range of 4.0–6.8. Acidic fogs (pH < 5.0) were observed at the summit when the air mass came from the industrial regions on the Asian continent. The ratio of [SO42−]/[NO3−] in the fog water was lower at Tarobo than at the summit. High concentrations of Na+ and Cl− were determined in the rain water sampled at the summit, possibly because of the long-range transport of sea-salt particles raised by a typhoon through the middle troposphere. The vertical transport of sea-salt particles would influence the cloud microphysical properties in the middle troposphere. Significant loss of Mg2+ was seen in the rain water at the summit. The concentrations of peroxides in the fog and rain water were relatively large (10–105 μM). The potential capacity for SO2 oxidation seems to be strong from summer to early autumn at Mt. Fuji. The fog water peroxide concentrations displayed diurnal variability. The peroxide concentrations in the nighttime were significantly higher than those in the daytime. 相似文献
46.
Wataru Ootani Makoto Minowa Takayuki Watanabe Yutaka Ito Yasuhiro Kishimoto Kentaro Miuchi Yoshizumi Inoue Youiti Ootuka 《Astroparticle Physics》1998,9(4):325-329
The performance of a 21-g lithium fluoride bolometer is presented. The background spectrum was measured in the surface laboratory. We derive an exclusion plot for the spin-dependent coupled Weakly Interacting Massive Particles (WIMPs) cross section. 相似文献
47.
Yoshihiro Hiramatsu Masataka Ando Tameshige Tsukuda & Tooru Ooida 《Geophysical Journal International》1998,135(3):801-816
Shear-wave splitting from local deep earthquakes is investigated to clarify the volume and the location of two anisotropic bodies in the mantle wedge beneath central Honshu, Japan. We observe a spatial variation in splitting parameters depending on the combination of sources and receivers, nearly N–S fast in the northern region, nearly E–W fast in the southern region and small time delays in the eastern region. Using forward modelling, two models with 30 and 10 per cent anisotropy are tested by means of a global search for the locations of anisotropic bodies with various volumes. The optimum model is obtained for 30 per cent anisotropy, which means a 5 per cent velocity difference between fast and slow polarized waves. The northern anisotropic body has a volume of 1.00° (longitude) × 0.5° (latitude) × 75 km (depth), with the orientation of the symmetry axis being N20°E. The southern anisotropic body has a volume of 1.25° × 1.25° × 100 km with the symmetry axis along N95°E. Our results show that the anisotropic bodies are located in low-velocity and low- Q regions of the mantle. This, together with petrological data and the location of volcanoes in the arc, suggests that the possible cause of the anisotropy is the preferred alignment of cracks filled with melt. 相似文献
48.
“Extreme boiling” model for variable salinity of the Hokko low-sulfidation epithermal Au prospect, southwestern Hokkaido, Japan 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
The Hokko prospect is located in the Minamikayabe area southwestern Hokkaido, Japan, where gold-bearing quartz veins of Pliocene
age are exposed at the surface. The alteration mineral assemblage is typical of low-sulfidation epithermal systems, with the
quartz veins associated with adularia alteration overprinted on Late Miocene propylitic alteration. Fluid inclusion studies
of the vein quartz reveal mean homogenization temperatures of approximately 220 °C, and the co-existence of low-salinity (<2
wt.% NaCl equivalent) and moderate salinity (2 to 12 wt.% NaCl equivalent) fluid inclusions within the same veins. The moderate
salinity fluid inclusions (2–12 wt.% NaCl equivalent) typically have relatively low homogenization temperatures between 150°
to 200 °C. The results obtained from stable isotope analysis of δ18O in quartz vein material showed a gradual decrease in δ18O signatures with increasing depth. The majority of the samples have calculated fluid source signatures (δ18OH2O) between −8.0 and −10.0‰, but there is a significant change in the composition above 185 m drill depth. The shallower samples
in particular show a wide range of oxygen isotope signatures that are associated with the moderate salinity fluid inclusions.
We interpret that low-salinity inclusions within the Hokko system represent the composition of the liquid phase of the fluid,
before boiling, and that the moderate-salinity inclusions are representative of the residual liquid phase, after extensive
non-adiabatic boiling and vapor loss in an open system. This mechanism resulted in the entrapment of fluids with variable
salinities at the same time, and in close proximity to each other. This is also reflected in the δ18OH2O values which become more variable and heavier where the moderate-salinity inclusions occur. Deposition of ore minerals within
the Hokko vein system also occurred at this time as a result of boiling and gas loss.
Received: 30 May 1997 / Accepted: 6 January 1998 相似文献
49.
Masataka Ando 《Tectonophysics》1975,27(2):119-140
Two recent and three historical earthquakes which occurred along the Nankai trough, marking the northern plate boundary between the Philippine Sea and the Asian Plate, are studied mainly on the basis of the data of crustal deformations and tsunami waves. These earthquakes are the 1946 Nankaido, the 1944 Tonankai, the 1854 Ansei I, II and the 1707 Hoei earthquakes. They are all interpreted as low-angle thrust faults at the plate boundary, with the oceanic side underthrusting northwestward against southwestern Japan. The fault parameters of the historical earthquakes are assumed here to be common to those of the recent two earthquakes, except for the magnitude of dislocation.The entire fault region, which extends for 530 km from western Shikoku Island in the west to the Tokai district in the east, is divided into four fault planes, which are denoted the planes A, B, C and D, from west to east, respectively. Then, the five earthquakes may be attributed to the planes A, B, C and D, in the following manner: the Nankaido earthquake, A + B; the Tonankai earthquake, C; the Ansei II earthquake, A + B; the Ansei I earthquake, C + D; and the Hoei earthquake, A + B + C + D.The latest cycle of earthquake migration seems incomplete as proved by the recent inactivity in D. Consequently, the future major earthquake next to occur is expected there, off the Tokai district. Eight further ancient earthquakes from A.D. 684 to 1605 are also discussed. Taking the results of the foregoing studies into consideration, their sequence is well interpreted by the four migration cycles. Topographical data, tilt of coastal terraces and location of hinge lines, prove that the thrusting has continued all along the extension of the Nankai trough for at least 300,000 years. 相似文献
50.
Hm. Okada H. Watanabe H. Yamashita I. Yokoyama 《Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research》1981,9(4):311-334
An earthquake swarm, and the major pumice eruptions in August 1977 which followed, marked the start of the dacitic doming activity of Usu volcano in southwestern Hokkaido, Japan. The sequence of magma intrusion processes was investigated in detail by means of seismological and other geophysical data. The distribution of the abundant hypocenters shows clearly an earthquake-free zone beneath the summit crater. The hypocenters migrated in a manner consistent with the development of the observed asymmetrical surface deformations, considered due to magma intrusion into this earthquake-free zone. The earthquake mechanism solutions are mostly of dip-slip type and are interpreted in terms of the doming deformations. The existence of earthquake families (earthquakes with similar waveforms) is the main cause of the peculiar occurrence of earthquakes in space, time and magnitude. The concept of scattered barriers of different sizes and strengths can explain well the distinct characteristics of the occurrence of the swarm, and the observed episodic deformations. 相似文献