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131.
Mg-metasomatism of oceanic gabbros and its control on Ti-clinohumite formation during eclogitization 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
In the high-pressure meta-ophiolites of Western Liguria (Italy), serpentinized ultramafites host bodies of eclogite, metarodingite
and Ti-clinohumite ± Ti-chondrodite-bearing rocks. The latter contain relics of augite, ilmenite and apatite, which suggest
derivation from pristine Fe-Ti-rich gabbros. The composition of relict mantle clinopyroxene in the host serpentinites indicates
primary depleted peridotite compositions. Compared with their inferred protoliths, the Ti-clinohumite dikelets and the host
serpentinites display significant changes in their major and trace element concentrations, indicating element exchange between
the two rock systems. In particular, the Fe-Ti-rich gabbros were depleted in CaO and FeO and were strongly enriched in MgO.
Analogous compositional variations are shown by altered gabbros enclosed in serpentinized peridotites from the obducted ophiolite
sequences of the Northern Apennine. This evidence suggests that the observed Mg-enrichment recorded by the Ti-clinohumite
metagabbros occurred in oceanic environments as the result of diffusive exchange between ultramafites and gabbros in presence
of fluids related to serpentinization of the ultramafic country rocks. Alteration of the gabbro and concomitant Mg-uptake
mostly caused extensive chloritization of the igneous plagioclase. Survival of igneous ilmenite and augite and their reaction
with the hydrothermal chlorite during high-pressure metamorphism produced the observed Ti-clinohumite and Ti-chondrodite assemblages.
The data presented thus indicate that crystallization of Ti-clinohumite assemblages was facilitated by a stage of oceanic
alteration leading to Mg-enrichment of original Fe-Ti-rich gabbros. We suggest that during alteration, Mg-metasomatism occurred
prior to rodingitization and was related to the earlier stages of peridotite serpentinization. Survival of oceanic chemical
heterogeneities in the Ti-clinohumite rocks, indicates that element mobility during high-pressure recrystallization of these
rocks was on a limited scale. This allowed preservation of their pre-subduction alteration features.
Received: 13 July 1998 / Accepted: 3 November 1998 相似文献
132.
Marco Verweij 《GeoJournal》1999,47(3):453-461
Since the 1950s, the governments of the riparian countries of the Rhine have attempted to protect the ecosystems of the river
basin through international cooperation. Before 1987, their relations were unproductive and antagonistic. International programs
for the protection of Rhine were far less effective than domestic policies. From 1987 onwards, international cooperation on
the protection of the Rhine has been exemplary, and has led the way in domestic and international water protection policies.
Many existing frameworks of international relations are not able to offer an adequate account of this wholesale change. In
this article, an attempt is undertaken with the help of grid-group theory.
This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
133.
1990s长江流域降水趋势分析 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
依据国家气象局提供的实测月降水和日降水资料,运用Mann-Kendall(M-K)非参数检验法验证了降水趋势,并通过空间插补法,由点扩展到面,分析了1990s长江流域降水变化特征,发现1990s长江流域降水变化以降水在时间和空间分布上的集中度的增加为主要特点:时间上,年降水的增加趋势以冬季1月和夏季6月降水的集中增加为主;一日降水量大于等于50mm的暴雨日数和暴雨量在1990s也有了较明显的增加.空间上,年降水、夏季降水、冬季降水的增加都以中下游区的增加为主,尤其以鄱阳湖水系、洞庭湖水系的降水增加为主.1990s长江流域春季和秋季降水的减少以5月和9月两个汛期月份的降水减少为主,除金沙江水系和洞庭湖水系等少数地区外,流域大部分地区降水呈减少趋势.上述1990s出现的降水趋势明显与近年来全球变暖背景下长江流域各地区不同的温度及水循环变异有关. 相似文献
134.
长江流域降水变化及其趋势演变 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
本文对中国长江流域降水趋势进行了分析.指出对月降水量而言,20世纪后50年不同区域出现1不胃的降水趋势变化特征.趋势插补法研究表明中国降水时空分布趋势十分明显.对长江流域长期降水资料分析研究指出夏季月份降水时间更集中,而对年降水而言在一些站则表现出明显的周期变化. 相似文献
135.
The rapid decrease of the acceleration spectral amplitude at high frequencies has widely been modeled by the spectral decay factor kappa (κ). Usually, the path-corrected component of κ, often called κ0, is believed to be a local and frequency-independent site characteristic, in turn representing attenuation related to waves propagating vertically through the very shallow layers beneath the study site. Despite the known relevance of κ0 in a wide range of seismological applications, most methods for its calculation do not fully consider the influence of the scattering component. To account for the scattering component, we present a summary of statistical observations of the seismic wavefield at sites of the Swiss seismic networks. The intrinsic properties of the wavefield show a clear dependency on the local shallow subsoil conditions with differences in the structural heterogeneity of the shallow subsoil layers producing different scattering regimes. Such deviations from the ballistic behavior (i.e., direct waves that sample only distinct directions) are indicative for local structural heterogeneities and the associated level of scatter. Albeit the attenuation term related to scattering depends nonlinearly on the intrinsic term, the results indicate that the commonly used explanation for the high-frequency decay spectrum might not be appropriate but involving the amount of scattering might allow better constrained estimates of κ0. 相似文献
136.
Edoardo Cosenza Ciro Del Vecchio Marco Di Ludovico Mauro Dolce Claudio Moroni Andrea Prota Emanuele Renzi 《Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering》2018,16(12):5905-5935
The Italian “Guidelines for the seismic risk classification of constructions” approved in February 2017 define the technical principles for exploiting tax deductions with respect to seismic strengthening interventions on existing buildings (Sismabonus). Tax deductions represent a unique opportunity to improve the seismic safety of the existing Italian building stock. The guidelines are very simple and allow practitioners to deal with the sophisticated concepts behind modern seismic design, such as expected annual losses (EAL) and repair costs (expressed as a fraction of the Reconstruction Cost: %RC). The seismic risk classes of buildings and the class upgrade due to strengthening interventions can be assessed using the principles included in the guidelines. The seismic risk class is the minimum between the class defined by the building safety index at the ultimate limit state and the one related to the EAL. The latter class depends on the area under the curve of the expected losses, which is easily obtained by computing the safety index converted in the return period (annual frequency) at different limit states and the relevant %RC. This paper illustrates the technical principles at the base of the guidelines and the procedure used to calibrate the repair costs associated with the different limit states using the actual repair costs monitored in the reconstruction process following recent Italian earthquakes. Finally, simple tools to estimate the cost of the strengthening interventions to improve the seismic capacity at the life-safety limit states are provided. 相似文献
137.
Single borehole dilution tests (SBDTs) are an inexpensive but effective technique for hydrogeological characterization of hard-rock aquifers. We present a freely available, easy-to-use, open-source Python package, DISOLV, for plotting, analyzing, and modeling SBDT data. DISOLV can significantly reduce the time spent interpreting field data by helping to identify flowing fractures intersecting the borehole and estimate the corresponding flow rates. DISOLV is successfully benchmarked against two analytical solutions. We also present an example application to real data collected in a borehole in a crystalline basement aquifer in southern India. 相似文献
138.
Giese Jörg Schreurs Guido Berger Alfons Herwegh Marco 《International Journal of Earth Sciences》2017,106(6):2091-2108
International Journal of Earth Sciences - Across the crystalline basement of Madagascar, late Archaean rocks of the Antananarivo Block are tectonically overlain by Proterozoic, predominantly... 相似文献
139.
Matteo Vacchi Monica Montefalcone Chiara F. Schiaffino Valeriano Parravicini Carlo Nike Bianchi Carla Morri Marco Ferrari 《Marine pollution bulletin》2014
The upper portion of the meadows of the protected Mediterranean seagrass Posidonia oceanica occurs in the region of the seafloor mostly affected by surf-related effects. Evaluation of its status is part of monitoring programs, but proper conclusions are difficult to draw due to the lack of definite reference conditions. Comparing the position of the meadow upper limit with the beach morphodynamics (i.e. the distinctive type of beach produced by topography and wave climate) provided evidence that the natural landwards extension of meadows can be predicted. An innovative model was therefore developed in order to locate the region of the seafloor where the meadow upper limit should lie in natural conditions (i.e. those governed only by hydrodynamics, in absence of significant anthropogenic impact). This predictive model was validated in additional sites, which showed perfect agreement between predictions and observations. This makes the model a valuable tool for coastal management. 相似文献
140.
Daniel Spitale Alessia Scalfi Marco Cantonati 《Aquatic Sciences - Research Across Boundaries》2014,76(1):17-28
To understand how littoral biota respond to anthropogenic disturbances, limnologists seek to detect the scale at which patterns and processes occur. We conducted an extensive study on the shoreline phytobenthos of Lake Garda (Italy) with the following main objectives: (i) to examine the importance of urbanization for species distribution within a set of hierarchical spatial scales (101–104 m), and then (ii) to test the spatio-temporal interactions on a reduced set of scales (101–102 m, and 101–102 days). Results showed that most of the variation in most abundant species and habitat characteristics occurred at the spatial scale of 101–102 m. Species richness was positively related with microheterogeneity, but the relationship occurred only at low urbanization and not at highly-urbanized sites where artificial shores were less heterogeneous. The similarity of species assemblages was regulated by two interacting processes, one operating at a fine spatial scale (102 m), reflecting the physical-habitat requirements of the species, and the other one operating at a broader scale (104 m) in relation to the N–S nitrogen gradient. Overall, time explained 73 % of the total variation of species assemblages, space 7 %, and 20 % was explained by the interaction between space and time (the patch scale, 10s of m, and area scale, 100s of m, interacted with the finest temporal scale, 10s of days). This interaction might be explained by the process of species recruitment operating at different rates at the two spatial scales. Since the largest variation in species assemblages was at the temporal scale (due to the seasonal succession of phytobenthos), we recommend collecting at least one sample per season when monitoring littoral habitats. 相似文献