青海省化隆县新石器-青铜时代聚落形态及其影响因素分析

依据青海省化隆县考古调查获得的新石器-青铜时代(5.3~2.6kaB.P.)的遗址位置和面积,尝试利用聚落等级和等级规模的方法分析该县新石器-青铜时代的聚落形态演变过程,并结合研究区周边地区的全新世气候记录和考古研究资料分析其可能的影响因素。结果显示: 马家窑文化时期(5.4~4.0kaB.P.),化隆县出现具有一定人口规模和整合的聚落系统,可能与适宜气候背景下,农业快速发展导致的人口流动有关; 齐家文化时期(4.2~3.8kaB.P.),化隆县人口规模未发生显著变化,没有出现聚落等级,聚落系统结构简单,各聚落之间为平等竞争关系,可能与区域聚落分布特征改变有关; 3.6~2.5kaB.P. ,化隆县人口规模增加,三级等级聚落系统明显整合,可能是卡约文化的农业生产水平和生计方式适应气候变化的结果。因此,气候变化、生计模式和人口流动是化隆县新石器-青铜时代聚落形态演变和社会组织结构发展的主要原因。     

The response of CO2 flux to rain pulses at a saline desert

As the substantial component of the ecosystem respiration, soil CO₂ flux is strongly influenced by infrequent and unpredictable precipitation in arid region. In the current study, we investigated the response of soil CO₂ flux to rain pulses at a saline desert in western China. Soil CO₂ flux was measured continuously during the whole growing season of 2009 at six sites. We found that there were remarkable changes in amplitude or diurnal patterns of soil CO₂ flux induced by rainfall events: from bimodal before rain to a single peak after that. Further analysis indicated that there is a significant linear relationship (P < 0.001) between soil CO₂ flux and soil temperature (T_soil). However, a hysteresis between the waveform of diurnal course of CO₂ flux and T_soil was observed: with soil CO₂ flux always peaked earlier than T_soil. Furthermore, a double exponential decay function was fitted to the soil CO₂ flux after rainfall, and total carbon (C) releases were estimated by numerical integration for rainfall events. The relative enhancement and total C release, in association with the rain pulses, was linearly related to the amount of precipitation. According to the size and frequency of rainfall events, the total amount of C release induced by rain pulses was computed as much as 7.88 g C·m^–2 in 2009, equivalent to 10.25% of gross primary production. These results indicated that rain pulses played a significant role in the carbon budget of this saline desert ecosystem, and the size of them was a good indicator of rain‐induced flux enhancement. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

喜马拉雅运动：对川滇交界区古地理重建的制约和楚雄盆地的改造

简述了喜马拉雅运动三大变形幕的运动学特征并分析了在楚雄地区的反映。在剥去喜马拉雅运动的改造、把攀西地堑系和滇中海槽复原到建造时的位置后（楚雄盆地视作相对原地的），以“盆”“山”耦合的思路重塑了古特提斯分支洋盆的演化及这些盆地的发育。川滇交界区尽管发生燕山运动，印支期建立起来的“盆”“山”耦合关系直至喜马拉雅运动才脱耦。分析了脱耦的各种表现及第四纪内继承的新构造运动对盆地保存和油气成藏的不利因素。     

Stock assessment for Atlantic yellowfin tuna based on extended surplus production model considering life history

The modern fishery stock assessment could be conducted by various models, such as Stock Synthesis model with high data requirement and complicated model structure, and the basic surplus production model, which fails to incorporate individual growth, maturity, and fishery selectivity, etc. In this study, the Just Another Bayesian Biomass Assessment (JABBA) Select which is relatively balanced between complex and simple models, was used to conduct stock assessment for yellowfin tuna (Thunnus albacares) in the Atlantic Ocean. Its population dynamics was evaluated, considering the influence of selectivity patterns and different catch per unit effort (CPUE) indices on the stock assessment results. The model with three joint longline standardized CPUE indices and logistic selectivity pattern performed well, without significant retrospective pattern. The results indicated that the stock is not overfished and not subject to overfishing in 2018. Sensitivity analyses indicated that stock assessment results are robust to natural mortality but sensitive to steepness of the stock-recruitment relationship and fishing selectivity. High steepness was revealed to be more appropriate for this stock, while the fishing selectivity has greater influence to the assessment results than life history parameters. Overall, JABBA-Select is suitable for the stock assessment of Atlantic yellowfin tuna with different selectivity patterns, and the assumptions of natural mortality and selectivity pattern should be improved to reduce uncertainties.     

国家级气象资料存储检索系统的建立

对国家级气象资料存储检索系统的需求进行了分析,进而对系统进行了功能设计,并在技术调研和分析的基础上确定了功能实现的技术路线：在数据管理方面采用数据库和文件系统相结合的方式;在存储管理方面采用分级存储管理模式,并解决了数据库的分级存储管理技术;在检索应用方面提供了程序调用式检索方式,并通过采用中间件技术实现了基于B/S结构的程序调用式检索;通过选用HPSS技术解决了由异种机型构成的高性能计算机群存储池问题;通过分别建立实时数据库和综合数据库解决了气象资料的规范化存储和实时业务使用需求之间的矛盾;在应用软件开发方面严格按照有关规范进行。     

Comparison of single- and dual-permeability models in simulating the unsaturated hydro-mechanical behavior in a rainfall-triggered landslide

Landslide-prone slopes in earthquake-affected areas commonly feature heterogeneity and high permeability due to the presence of cracks and fissures that were caused by ground shaking. Landslide reactivation in heterogeneous slope may be affected by preferential flow that was commonly occurred under heavy rainfall. Current hydro-mechanical models that are based on a single-permeability model consider soil as a homogeneous continuum, which, however, cannot explicitly represent the hydraulic properties of heterogeneous soil. The present study adopted a dual-permeability model, using two Darcy-Richards equations to simulate the infiltration processes in both matrix and preferential flow domains. The hydrological results were integrated with an infinite slope stability approach, attempting to investigate the hydro-mechanical behavior. A coarse-textured unstable slope in an earthquake-affected area was chosen for conducting artificial rainfall experiment, and in the experiment slope, failure was triggered several times under heavy rainfall. The simulated hydro-mechanical results of both single- and dual-permeability model were compared with the measurements, including soil moisture content, pore water pressure, and slope stability conditions. Under high-intensity rainfall, the measured soil moisture and pore water pressure at 1-m depth showed faster hydrological response than its simulations, which can be regarded as a typical evidence of preferential flow. We found the dual-permeability model substantially improved the quantification of hydro-mechanical processes. Such improvement could assist in obtaining more reliable landslide-triggering predication. In the light of the implementation of a dual-permeability model for slope stability analysis, a more flexible and robust early warning system for shallow landslides hazard in coarse-textured slopes could be provided.     

古代淀粉遗存反映的新石器中期华北平原北部旱作农业发展状况——以河北阳原姜家梁遗址为例

中国北方是以粟（Setaria italica）、黍（Panicum miliaceum）两种作物为主的旱作农业起源地,60多处考古遗址发现的粟类植物大植物遗存或微体植物遗存显示,新石器时代中期华北平原北部粟作农业研究相对单薄。文章利用淀粉粒分析方法,对华北平原北部新石器中期姜家梁遗址房址（7706±77 cal.a B.P.）出土的3件磨盘和3件磨棒表层残留物进行了淀粉粒分析,共提取到128颗来自粟类植物、小麦族（the tribe Triticeae）及块根块茎类植物的淀粉粒。综合利用现代及模拟实验中粟类植物淀粉粒的鉴定标准,6件器物表层残留物中的粟类淀粉粒至少有9.6%具有野生特征（褶皱表面和粗糙边缘）;粟淀粉粒（粒径≥ 16.8 μm）的比例为52.8%。对比周边开展过类似研究的新石器早期河北南庄头（11500~11000 cal.a B.P.）、北京东胡林（11150~9450 cal.a B.P.）和转年（>10000 cal.a B.P.）遗址、新石器中期西辽河地区敖汉营子东和敖汉营子西遗址（8200~7400 a B.P.）、河北磁山遗址（约8000~7000 a B.P.）出土磨盘和磨棒表层残留物中粟类淀粉粒,发现：1）从南庄头遗址到姜家梁遗址具备野生特征粟类植物淀粉粒比例逐渐下降,显示粟类植物不断被驯化;2）姜家梁房址内粟淀粉粒仅比敖汉营子东和敖汉营子西遗址低,比例最低者为转年遗址,该现象可能与粟类淀粉粒样品数量、鉴定指标以及不同时间和地域古人类选择利用植物种类差异等因素相关。本研究为深入了解姜家梁遗址及华北平原北部地区植物利用情况及粟类植物的驯化过程提供了新的证据。

     

塔里木盆地顺托果勒低隆及邻区加里东中期运动面的构造性质

顺托果勒低隆及邻区加里东中期运动面的结构特征、区域分布规律及其构造性质具有重要的研究意义。本文运用钻井资料分析、地震资料解释等对研究区加里东中期运动面进行研究,结果表明：1）研究区加里东中期3个幕次的构造运动导致3个运动面的形成：Ⅰ幕运动面由塔中地区的O₃l/前O₃l角度不整合面、顺托果勒到塔北地区的O₃q/O₂yj平行不整合面组成,Ⅱ幕运动面为O₃s （或O₃qr）与下伏碳酸盐岩构成的同构造沉积超覆型角度不整合面,Ⅲ幕运动面为S/O角度不整合面,在隆起区存在显著的构造削截特征。2）3个运动面的结构特征和差异分布规律具有明确的构造指示意义：Ⅰ幕、Ⅲ幕运动面属于典型的构造成因不整合面,形成于周缘洋盆关闭、陆块碰撞造山时期;Ⅱ幕运动面的形成则受到早期构造格局、全球海平面上升及盆地南缘碰撞造山作用的综合控制。3）顺北、顺南地区地震剖面中存在沿鹰四段顶面以下顺层规律分布的“串珠”反射,推测属于准同生岩溶洞穴。     

Self-Weight Penetration Characteristics of the Suction Foundation with Different Diameters in Sand

During the self-weight penetration process of the suction foundation on the dense sand seabed, due to the shallow penetration depth, the excess seepage seawater from the outside to the inside of the foundation may cause the negative pressure penetration process failure. Increasing the self-weight penetration depth has become an important problem for the safe construction of the suction foundation. The new suction anchor foundation has been proposed, and the self-weight penetration characteristics of the traditional suction foundation and the new suction anchor foundation are studied and compared through laboratory experiments and analysis. For the above two foundation types, by considering five foundation diameters and two bottom shapes, 20 models are tested with the same penetration energy. The effects of different foundation diameters on the penetration depth, the soil plug characteristics, and the surrounding sand layer are studied. The results show that the penetration depth of the new suction foundation is smaller than that of the traditional suction foundation. With the same penetration energy, the penetration depth of the suction foundation becomes shallower as the diameter increases. The smaller the diameter of the suction foundation, the more likely it is to be fully plugged, and the smaller the height of the soil plug will be. In the stage of self-weight penetration, the impact cavity appears around the foundation, which may affect the stability of the suction foundation.