Microplane constitutive model for porous isotropic rocks

The paper deals with constitutive modelling of contiguous rock located between rock joints. A fully explicit kinematically constrained microplane‐type constitutive model for hardening and softening non‐linear triaxial behaviour of isotropic porous rock is developed. The microplane framework, in which the constitutive relation is expressed in terms of stress and strain vectors rather than tensors, makes it possible to model various microstructural physical mechanisms associated with oriented internal surfaces, such as cracking, slip, friction and splitting of a particular orientation. Formulation of the constitutive relation is facilitated by the fact that it is decoupled from the tensorial invariance restrictions, which are satisfied automatically. In its basic features, the present model is similar to the recently developed microplane model M4 for concrete, but there are significant improvements and modifications. They include a realistic simulation of (1) the effects of pore collapse on the volume changes during triaxial loading and on the reduction of frictional strength, (2) recovery of frictional strength during shearing, and (3) the shear‐enhanced compaction in triaxial tests, manifested by a deviation from the hydrostatic stress–strain curve. The model is calibrated by optimal fitting of extensive triaxial test data for Salem limestone, and good fits are demonstrated. Although these data do not cover the entire range of behaviour, credence in broad capabilities of the model is lend by its similarity to model M4 for concrete—an artificial rock. The model is intended for large explicit finite‐element programs. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

2020年前我国核能发展的策略和目标研究

本文提出了我国核电发展的 4项策略 ,明确了近中远兼顾的 3个层次的发展目标及相关的重点工程。     

无限长土坡滑移变形模拟

从建立土体应力平衡微分方程入手,在平面应变的假定下求解均质无限长土坡的应力平衡方程。通过拟定坡土的滑移速度和粘塑性应变率的关系式,以剑桥模型为依托,得出滑移变形速率的显式表达式,由此推出土坡滑动位移的计算式。因为模型计算值与实测值无论变形趋势还是大小都有不少误差,所以经修正粘滞性参数来改进模型的模拟精度。最后通过一个算例,将现场实测滑移数据和模型计算值进行比较,分析表明二者较为一致。     

旅游网站信息流距离衰减形态分异特征及其与网站功能的关系

应用10个样本旅游网站日均访问量的空间分布数据及网站功能资料,对样本旅游网站日均访问量与实际距离进行空间关系逆曲线拟合,进行距离衰减形态分异及其与网站功能相关性的研究。结果发现:1)旅游网站信息流距离衰减形态具有显著的波动性分异特征和地方性分异特征,随着旅游网站信息流距离衰减波动性分异特征从显著性到不显著性的变化,其距离衰减程度依次增强,其逆曲线衰减的符合程度依次上升;而随着旅游网站信息流距离衰减地方性分异特征由显著性到不显著性的变化,其距离衰减程度依次减弱,其逆曲线衰减的符合程度依次下降。表明不同网站间信息流距离衰减存在多样性变化。2)旅游网站信息流距离衰减形态的分异特征与旅游网站的主要功能之间关系密切:信息发布为主兼有预订功能的旅游网站距离衰减形态较为复杂;预订为主兼有信息发布的旅游网站和论坛为主的旅游网站距离衰减形态基本一致,波动性较小、地方性显著;政务为主的旅游网站距离衰减形态表现为波动性较大、地方性不显著的特征。依据旅游网站信息流距离衰减形态的规律,可指导旅游网站服务功能的建设和组织不同距离上的旅游流。     

基于HiCORS的实时在线坐标转换关键技术的探讨

通过CORS技术获得的流动站的初始坐标是WGS-84坐标或CGCS2000坐标,而客户一般需要得到的是地方坐标成果。由于存在保密参数的问题,如不进行额外的技术处理,网络RTK很难实时得到预期坐标系的成果。针对此问题,研制出CORS实时在线坐标转换软件,以满足实际工程的需要。     

北京集中绿化区气温对夏季高温天气的响应

利用自动气象站风、温、湿观测资料,对北京城市集中绿地缓解夏季高温(最高气温≥35 ℃)的效果进行了初步研究.研究结果表明:1)所研究的集中绿地都具有缩短高温持续时间的作用,但对最高气温的调节存在很大差异,有些集中绿地对最高气温几乎没有缓解作用,甚至有增温的可能.因此为发挥集中绿地缓解高温的效果,应尽可能提高绿地的通风条件.2)对北京城来说,集中绿地面积≥20 hm2时,降温效果比较显著.3)在高温天气情况下,集中绿地对高温的缓解作用对人体舒适度的改善,可能会由于集中绿地相对湿度较高而被抵消.     

Binary gas sorption/desorption experiments on a bituminous coal: Simultaneous measurements on sorption kinetics,volumetric strain and acoustic emission

There is still no clear understanding of the specific interactions between coal and gas molecules. In this context sorption–desorption studies of methane and carbon dioxide, both in a single gas environment and gas mixtures, are of fundamental interest. This paper presents the results of unique simultaneous measurements of sorption kinetics, volumetric strain and acoustic emission (AE) on three tetragonal coal samples subjected to sorption of carbon dioxide and methane mixtures. The coal was a high volatile bituminous C coal taken from the Budryk mine in the Upper Silesia Basin, Poland. Three different gas mixtures were used in the sorption tests, with dominant CO₂, with dominant CH₄ and a 50/50 mixture.The experimental set-up was designed specially for this study. It consisted of three individual units working together: (i) a unit for gas sorption experiments using a volumetric method, (ii) an AE apparatus for detecting, recording and analysing AE, and (iii) a strain meter for measuring strains induced in the coal sample by gas sorption/desorption. All measurements were computer aided.The experiments indicated that the coal tested showed preferential sorption of CH₄ at 2.6 MPa pressure and exhibited comparable affinities for CH₄ and CO₂ at higher pressures (4.0 MPa). The results of chromatographic analysis of the gas released on desorption suggested that the desorption of methane from the coal was favoured. The relationship between the volumetric strain and the amount of sorbed gas was found to be non-linear. These results were contrary to common opinions on the coal behaviour. Furthermore, it appeared that the swelling/shrinkage of coal was clearly influenced by the network of fractures. Besides, the AE and strain characteristics suggested common sources of sorption induced AE and strain.The present results may have implications for the sequestration of carbon dioxide in coal seams and enhanced coalbed methane recovery (ECBM).     

A Study of the Scale Height of the Thin Galactic Disk in the Solar Neighborhood

An attempt is made to determine the scale height of the thin Galactic disk in the solar neighborhood using various stellar samples from the accurate astrometric data of the Hipparcos satellite. Using the Tycho color indices and considering the completeness of the samples, several samples were selected from the main sequence and the horizontal branch. Based on two rather complete samples, it is found that the scale height of the Galactic disk defined by the O-B type main sequence stars is 103.1 ± 3.0 pc and the Sun is located at height of 15.2 ± 7.3 pc above its mean plane; while the scale height of the Galactic disk defined by the horizontal branch stars is 144.0 the ±10.0 pc and the Sun is located at height 3.5 ± 5.4 pc above the mean plane. Owing to the incompleteness of observational samples, it is not possible to use the main sequence stars of spectral types A, F, G, K and M to make a reliable determination of the scale height.     

新疆哈密红石铜矿区300m中段原生晕地球化学特征及成矿预测

新疆哈密红石铜矿位于东天山大南湖-头苏泉岛弧带北段的卡拉塔格地区,为浅成低温热液脉型铜矿床。在矿床深部300m中段开展1:100原生晕地球化学剖面测量,选择Ag、Cu、Mo、Zn、As、Sb、Hg、Au、Pb、W、Ba、Bi、Sn等13种元素进行测试分析,查明与矿有关的地球化学特征,预测成矿有利地段。研究通过R型因子分析,识别Sb-Hg-As-Au前缘晕指示元素组合、Ag-Cu-Mo-Zn近矿晕指示元素组合、Ba-Bi尾晕指示元素组合,以及Se-Zn-Pb等元素共同代表岩浆期后中高温热液活动阶段,显示出该矿床具有多期、多阶段成矿的特征;依据C.B.格里戈良分带指数原理,建立（Sb×Hg）D/（Ba×Bi）D矿体定量预测指标,并结合矿化-蚀变特征,圈定1处成矿有利重点地段和1处成矿有利一般地段,分别为300m中段25线~19线成矿热液角砾岩筒的深部或周边,以及300m中段13线~7线1、6、9号脉矿（化）带的深部和周边;验证孔ZKY2101揭露了角砾岩筒深部的矿化情况,取得良好效果。