圣安德烈斯断层帕克菲尔德段断层强度变化的远程触发

断层强度是孕震带的一个基本性质,它随时间的变化特性可以增加或减小断层破坏的可能性并最终触发地震。虽然断层强度变化可以用来解释诸如地震活动的远程触发（Hilland Prejean,2007）等多种现象,但至今还没有切实的方法对这个重要性质进行现场监测。文中我们认为,通过对圣安德烈斯断层帕克菲尔德地区近20年（1987～2008）的观测,揭示了一种监测断层强度的方法。     

橄榄石-尖晶石相转变流变学的实验研究

对(Mgx,Ni1-x)2GeO4系统中橄榄石-尖晶石两相混合物的流变性进行了实验研究.利用不同温压条件对混合物进行热压,得到的橄榄石和尖晶石的比例不同.温度为1 573K,试件的化学组成从x=0.95-0.70时,得到的两相材料从100%橄榄石到100%尖晶石.三轴压缩试件为圆柱状,直径8mm,两相混合物的平均颗粒尺寸为2.21-9.43μm.流变学试验在气体介质试验机中进行,围压为300MPa,温度为1 073-1 573K.试验分为常应力和常位移率两种,差应力σ1-σ3为45-320MPa,应变率在2.8×10-6-2.8×10-5s-1之间,将实验测得的混合物力学性质与两端材料的强度进行对比,发现两相多晶介质的强度介于两端材料的强度之间.当橄榄石到尖晶石的相变发生在变形过程中时,尖晶石比率的增加使得多晶材料的总体强度上升.     

利用震源特有台站项得到的南加利福尼亚的地震定位

为了提高相对定位精度，我们用空间上变化的台站项对南加州地震台网（SCSN）1975－1998年记录的297400个地震进行了重新定位。我们的方法应用了已有的SCSN的P波和S波到时，平滑一维速度模型和基于L1范数的迭代网格搜索方法。通过计算作为震源位置函数而连续变化的台站到时校正。我们对三维结构应用了经验校正。通过将地震活动性在天然邻区进行棋盘形布量来平滑相邻地震的残差，获得每个地震的台站项，然后进行迭代直到得到一组稳定的地震位置和台站项。该方法得到的相对定位精度在局部上与主震方法相当，但同样能用于较大范围，我们最终定位的中值估计标准误差，水平位置上为328m，深度上为741m。我们的定位显示出，与SCSN目录相比，离散要小得多，特别是在深度上，而且显示出能说明断层结构的排成线性和平面特征的更大趋势。我们的结果和先前SCSN用联合震源－速度反演技术重新定位的结果相当。且在某些情况下更好。白天与夜间的事件对比图能分辨出天然地震和人工地震群。我们没有观察到地震活动的最大深度和地表地质间有简单关系。     

日本的地震预报与灾害评估：预报首都直下型地震的方法

１９２３年关东Ｍ７．９地震的密集余震活动消失之后，在南关东地区已持续了几十年的地震活动平静可能是众所周知的事实。在最近１０年左右环绕关东地震的震源区，由于相继发生Ｍ≥６．０的破坏性的较大地震，因而可观测地地震活动从地震平静中逐渐恢复。地震活动复的特征是：１）在一些特定局部区域发生较大地震之前，小震震级随时间逐渐增大；２）震中分布在环绕关东地震的震源区形成面包圈状图形；３）地震活动以１０－２０ｋｍ／     

A Probabilistic Estimation of Strong Earthquakes'''' Occurrence in Aeghion Area, Central Greece

INTRODUCTIONTheexaminedareaislocatedintheGulfofCorinthandhasbeenrecognizedasoneofthemostactiveriftsinthewholeAegeanSea .Itsquaternarynormalfaulting (Sebriere ,1 977)anditshighseismicity (PapazachosandPapazachou ,1 997;AmbraseysandJackson ,1 990 )makeitaphysicallaboratorywithintheMediterraneanarea ,wherethephysicalprocessrelatedtotheseismiccyclecouldbestudied .ThecityofAeghionexperiencedastrong (MW =6 4 )earthquakeinJune 1 995,whichcausedseveredamage (Tselentis ,etal.,1 996 ) .Twent…     

地球物理反演中的邻域算法Ⅱ：集合估计

蒙特卡罗直接搜索法，如遗传算法、模拟退火等，常用于探索有限维参数空间。它们都需要多次求解正问题，即依据地球模型预测观测值。地球模型的结果集合上代表了搜索过程收集到的全部“信息”。在地球物理学中，很多项研究都以搜索方法为研究目标，而对集合估计则较少注意。通常情况下，推断仅依据集合的一个小子集，有时只是集合的一个成员。本文给出了估计问题的一个新途径。就我们所知，这是第一次解决一般性的求解问题，即如何依据由任意搜索方法预先生成的完备集合来推测信息。新途径的核心是利用可用集合中的信息来指导参数空间的重抽样，并且不需要进一步求解正问题。依据新的“重抽样”的集合，我们可以获得模型参数分辨率的测度以及模型参数及其组合之间的折衷。文中以高度非线性的波形反演问题为例说明了新的集合推断算法。实例说明了所需的计算时间和内存与模型空间维数和集合尺度的比例关系。这种方法是高度并行的，可以很方便地分布在几台计算机上。这种技术可以应用于很多不同的情况，例如，可以用于遗传算法或其他直接搜索方法生成的集合的“误差分析”问题。     

Data use and information creation: challenges for marine scientists and for managers

In the coastal waters of European countries and in the offshore waters of the north-east Atlantic, there is an increasing need for scientists to meet challenging objectives, such as to identify meaningful measures of 'quality', and to recommend 'indicators' to underpin implementation of directives, conventions, statutes and other more informal national and international initiatives. Those indicators may relate to particular species or habitats, to changes in physical and chemical characteristics, and even to the use to which the system is put. The problems to be overcome are difficult, but new and developing approaches will make a significant contribution. The approaches include: criteria to identify 'sensitivity' and 'importance', structures to organise information and electronic information resources to access data.The real challenge is to make the results of the various scientific initiatives relevant to and understandable by a wide range of customers with similar overlapping requirements, and thus make a genuine contribution to protecting the marine environment. Above and beyond that is the need for scientists to drive the agenda to enable real and lasting progress to be made towards ecosystem-based management of our seas and a proper consideration of what 'sustainability' may mean in the marine environment and how we utilise its resources.     

Changes in zooxanthellae density,morphology, and mitotic index in hermatypic corals and anemones exposed to cyanide

Sodium cyanide (NaCN) is widely used for the capture of reef fish throughout Southeast Asia and causes extensive fish mortality, but the effect of NaCN on reef corals remains debated. To document the impact of cyanide exposure on corals, the species Acropora millepora, Goniopora sp., Favites abdita, Trachyphyllia geoffrio, Plerogyra sp., Heliofungia actinformis, Euphyllia divisa, and Scarophyton sp., and the sea anemone Aiptasia pallida were exposed to varying concentrations of cyanide for varying time periods. Corals were exposed to 50, 100, 300, and 600 mg/l of cyanide ion (CN(-)) for 1-2 min (in seawater, the CN(-) forms hydrocyanic acid). These concentrations are much lower than those reportedly used by fish collectors. Exposed corals and anemones immediately retracted their tentacles and mesenterial filaments, and discharged copious amounts of mucus containing zooxanthellae. Gel electrophoreses techniques found changes in protein expression in both zooxanthellae and host tissue. Corals and anemones exposed to cyanide showed an immediate increase in mitotic cell division of their zooxenthellae, and a decrease in zooxanthellae density. In contrast, zooxanthellae cell division and density remained constant in controls. Histopathological changes included gastrodermal disruption, mesogleal degradation, and increased mucus in coral tissues. Zooxanthellae showed pigment loss, swelling, and deformation. Mortality occurred at all exposure levels. Exposed specimens experienced an increase in the ratio of gram-negative to gram-positive bacteria on the coral surface. The results demonstrate that exposure cyanide causes mortality to corals and anemones, even when applied at lower levels than that used by fish collectors. Even brief exposure to cyanide caused slow-acting and long-term damage to corals and their zooxanthellae.