当确定設計流量最大值时利用歷史流量的效用

最近在烏克蘭苏維埃社会主义共和國科学院水文研究所的著作中發表了德湼泊河罗茨曼卡明卡已經系统化的歷史水位资料。这些資料表明,現存于年志档案及文学等史料中的德湼泊河最高水位资料属于自十八世紀起直到現在为止这一时期內的资料。1951～1952年烏克蘭社会主义共和國科学院水文研究所在收集歷史水位资料时,發現了罗茨曼卡明卡1818～1927年间最高水位資料及1828～     

快速分析法及其研究方向

在過去西西伯利亞地質局中心試驗室的第五次方法討論會上就提出了擬定新的和改進舊有的快速化學分析法,現在又重擬定和審查了下列快速法。鍚 應用碘量法滴定二价的錫來測定鍚。銅、钼、砷或锑量的含量低於0.5～1％時,不干擾測定。鎢的含量大於4～5％時,它就要析出來,或者呈膠凝體狀態而和矽酸在一起,或者為金属鋁還原到低價氧化物。試樣用過氧化鈉或者用氫氧化鈉和金屬鈉熔融,該法經極譜法驗證得出十分滿意的分析結果。 銅 早在1952年我們就擬定了用在實驗室中測定銅的焦磷酸塊—碘量法分析過程与氟—碘塊基性醋酸塊測定銅的方法相似,但氟化銨為焦磷酸鈉所代替,銅的滴定則在滲液的PH為3～3.5時進行之。     

不过水就可測水面寬的几何方法

为了測定至对岸水边綫的水面寬度,或测定至岸边冰、浮冰或浮标的水面距离,以及当進行水文地理、水文測驗和測量工作时都可采用这个方法(圖1)。     

加拿大的数值天气預报

近代高速的大存贮量的电子计算机的出现是最近25年来气象学各方面发展中重要因素之一。人们认为数值天气预报是气象学发展的一条新途径,相信它有巨大的潜力。近15年来,加拿大的科学家和气象学家在天气预报工作中迅速发挥电子计算机的作用。     

Supranova Events from Spun-up Neutron Stars: An Explosion in Search of an Observation

We consider a formation scenario for supramassive neutron stars (SMNSs) that takes place through mass and angular momentum transfer from a close companion during a low-mass X-ray binary phase, with the ensuing suppression of the magnetic field. After the end of the mass transfer phase, SMNSs will lose, through magnetic dipole radiation, most of their angular momentum, triggering the star's collapse to a black hole. We discuss the rate of occurrence of these collapses and propose that these stars, because of the baryon-clear environment in which the implosion/explosion takes place, are the originators of gamma-ray bursts.     

A First Comparison of the Surface Brightness Fluctuation Survey Distances with the Galaxy Density Field: Implications for H0 and Omega

We compare the peculiar velocities measured in the surface brightness fluctuation survey of galaxy distances with the predictions from the density fields of the IRAS 1.2 Jy flux-limited redshift survey and the optical redshift survey (ORS) to derive simultaneous constraints on the Hubble constant H0 and the density parameter beta=Omega0.6&solm0;b, where b is the linear bias. We find that betaI=0.42+0.10-0.06 and betaO=0.26+/-0.08 for the IRAS and ORS comparisons, respectively, and that H0=74+/-4 km s-1 Mpc (with an additional 9% uncertainty due to the Cepheids themselves). The match between predicted and observed peculiar velocities is good for these values of H0 and beta, and although there is covariance between the two parameters, our results clearly point toward low-density cosmologies. Thus, the unresolved discrepancy between the "velocity-velocity" and "density-density" measurements of beta continues.     

MAROS: a decision support system for optimizing monitoring plans

The Monitoring and Remediation Optimization System (MAROS), a decision-support software, was developed to assist in formulating cost-effective ground water long-term monitoring plans. MAROS optimizes an existing ground water monitoring program using both temporal and spatial data analyses to determine the general monitoring system category and the locations and frequency of sampling for future compliance monitoring at the site. The objective of the MAROS optimization is to minimize monitoring locations in the sampling network and reduce sampling frequency without significant loss of information, ensuring adequate future characterization of the contaminant plume. The interpretive trend analysis approach recommends the general monitoring system category for a site based on plume stability and site-specific hydrogeologic information. Plume stability is characterized using primary lines of evidence (i.e., Mann-Kendall analysis and linear regression analysis) based on concentration trends, and secondary lines of evidence based on modeling results and empirical data. The sampling optimization approach, consisting of a two-dimensional spatial sampling reduction method (Delaunay method) and a temporal sampling analysis method (Modified CES method), provides detailed sampling location and frequency results. The Delaunay method is designed to identify and eliminate redundant sampling locations without causing significant information loss in characterizing the plume. The Modified CES method determines the optimal sampling frequency for a sampling location based on the direction, magnitude, and uncertainty in its concentration trend. MAROS addresses a variety of ground water contaminants (fuels, solvents, and metals), allows import of various data formats, and is designed for continual modification of long-term monitoring plans as the plume or site conditions change over time.     

Studies of the formation process of water-in-oil emulsions

This paper summarizes studies to determine the formation process of water-in-oil emulsions and the stability of such emulsions formed in the laboratory and in a large test tank. These studies have confirmed that water-in-oil mixtures can be grouped into four states: stable emulsions, unstable water-in-oil mixtures, mesostable emulsions, and entrained water. These states are differentiated by rheological properties as well as by differences in visual appearance. The viscosity of a stable emulsion at a shear rate of one reciprocal second is about three orders of magnitude greater than that of the starting oil. An unstable emulsion usually has a viscosity no more than about 20 times greater than that of the starting oil. A stable emulsion has a significant elasticity, whereas an unstable emulsion does not. A mesostable emulsion has properties between stable and unstable, but breaks down within a few days of standing. The usual situation is that emulsions are either obviously stable, mesostable, or unstable. Entrained water, water suspended in oil by viscous forces alone, is also evident. Very few emulsions have questionable stability. Analytical techniques were developed to test these observations.

The type of emulsion produced is determined primarily by the properties of the starting oil. The most important of these properties are the asphaltene and resin content and the viscosity of the oil. The composition and property ranges of the starting oil that would be required to form each of the water-in-oil states are discussed in this paper.