Reobserving the Extreme-Ultraviolet Emission from Abell 2199: In Situ Measurement of Background Distribution by Offset Pointing

The EUV excess emission from the clusters A2199 and A1795 remains an unexplained astrophysical phenomenon. There has been many unsuccessful attempts to "trivialize" the findings. In this Letter, we present direct evidence proving that the most recent of such attempts, which attributes the detected signals to a background nonuniformity effect, is likewise excluded. We address the issue by a reobservation of A2199 that features a new filter orientation, usage of a more sensitive part of the detector, and, most crucially, the inclusion of a background pointing at approximately 2 degrees offset-the first in situ measurement of its kind. We first demonstrate quantitatively two facts: (1) the offset pointing provides an accurate background template for the cluster observation, while (2) data from other blank fields do not. We then performed a point-to-point subtraction of the in situ background from the cluster field, with an appropriate propagation of errors. The resulting cluster radial profile is consistent with that obtained by our original method of subtracting a flat asymptotic background. The emission now extends to a radius of 20&arcmin;; it confirms the rising prominence of EUV excess beyond approximately 5&arcmin; as previously reported.     

Thermal Stability of Cold Clouds in Galaxy Halos

We consider the thermal properties of cold, dense clouds of molecular hydrogen and atomic helium. For cloud masses below 10-1.7 M middle dot in circle, the internal pressure is sufficient to permit the existence of particles of solid or liquid hydrogen at temperatures above the cosmic microwave background temperature. Optically thin thermal continuum emission by these particles can balance cosmic-ray heating of the cloud, leading to equilibria that are thermally stable even though the heating rate is independent of cloud temperature. For the Galaxy, the known heating rate in the disk sets a minimum mass of order 10-6 M middle dot in circle necessary for survival. Clouds of this type may in principle comprise most of the dark matter in the Galactic halo. However, we caution that the equilibria do not exist at redshifts z greater, similar1 when the temperature of the microwave background was substantially larger than its current value; therefore, the formation and the survival of such clouds to the present epoch remain open questions.     

世界气象组织的未来

值此国际气象组织——世界气象组织成立100周年之际,自然会引起我们回顾以往100年间所经历的事件。对此,我们怀着满意的心情来回顾这一时期整个国际气象学界所取得的显著进步。庆祝世界气象组织成立100周年,同时也是展望未来的一个极好机会。因此,本文打算就世界气象组织的未来,扼要地提出一些看法。     

矿床的工业类型

地质普查工作对世界各种矿产的储备每年都有增补。如今各种矿产和各种成因类型的矿床,其数目很可能已经有成千上万了(尚未就文献加以统计)。同时大家也都很清楚,在世界经济中起主要作用的只是某几种类型的矿床,另外还有几种类型起着辅助作用,至     

冲击回转钻探用БУК-75型新式钻机

目前在不稳固的松散岩层中打浅钻孔（50—80公尺）多半利用手动钻探设备。这首先说明还没有适宜的钻机来代替繁重的和高价的手动钻探。在1955年水利工程设计院（作者И.А.特鲁索夫和А.М.科帕契夫）曾设计了БУК-75型钻机,而后又小批地制造了,它的技术规格如下。     

勘探坑道掘进凿岩的机械化

人力劳动在地质勘探及工程地质工作中仍占有相当的地位,其中勘探坑道掘进用人力打眼的工作是繁重的。例如,在中硬岩石中钻进深1．5公尺及直径35公厘的一个孔,就需要3．14工时。掘进勘探坑道时由于缺乏动力来源,采用现有凿岩机械在一些情况下又不可能,所以工作量很大的繁重而成本高的人力凿岩工作急切需要使之机械化。     

向钻孔中定位下降钻具的新方法

向钻孔中定位下降钻具的现行的方法还是相当复杂的,并且要占去很多时间。所建议的向钻孔中定位下降工具的方法是简单的,有一些预先的准备工作与下降普通钻具时没有什么区别。按这种方法下降钻具是借助于以普通提引器为基础设计的特殊仪器来进行（图1）。     

岩石破碎统一过程的假说

破碎过程的主要内容大家都知道,岩石是一种易碎物质,图1中的图表便可说明它的性质。我们往岩石上加负荷时,使岩石具有压缩弹性位能。此弹性位能在岩石破碎时变为生成新表面的动能。这种现象是岩石机械破碎过程最常见的一般规律。     

礦床的勘探方法及原則

普查勘探学是地质科学中的一门新的年青的学科,它与采矿机械学的关系最为密切。在资本主义世界里这门科学暂时还没有得到认识,虽然在A.巴特曼(A.Batniau)的巨著“工业矿床”一书中已经指出了认识这一学科的必要。由此可见,勘探学的基础是十分薄弱的,也正因为如此,在现有的书籍中十分缺乏勘探方法和原则的阐述和规定。     

Aircraft observations of electrical conductivity in warm clouds

Aircraft observations of electrical conductivity and cloud microphsical, dynamical and other electrical parameters were made in warm stratocumulus and cumulus clouds forming during the summer monsoon seasons (June-September) of 1983 and 1985 in the Deccan Plateau region, India. A Gerdien type cylindrical condenser was used for the measurement of electrical conductivity. The variations in the electrical conductivity are observed to be closely associated with the updrafts and downdrafts in the cloud, liquid water content, cloud droplet charge and coro-na discharge current. The value of electrical conductivity in warm clouds is found to be in the order of 10-12 ohm-1 m-1 which is two orders higher than that observed in clear-air at cloud-base levels in some regions by other investigators.Classical static electricity concepts predict reduced conductivity values inside clouds. Cloud electrical conductivi-ty measurements, particularly in warm clouds are few and the results are contradictory. The recently identified mech-anism of vertical mixing in clouds lends support to coovective charge separation mechanism with inherent larger than clear-air values for cloud electrical conductivity and therefore consistent with the measurements reported herein.