Assessing the response of sandy-beach macrobenthos to recreation and the ecological status of the beach ecosystem at Liandao,China

Sandy beaches, prime recreational assets that attract more people than other types of shorelines, are the main assets underpinning many coastal economies and developments. However, the intense stressors to the ecology of sandy beaches caused by recreational activities are generally underestimated or ignored. This study was the first to emphasize the ecological characteristics of recreational beaches in China and assess the response of macrobenthos at Liandao Beach, a typical sandy beach in the central part of China. Using the Before/During/After/Control/Impact (BDACI) method, differences in multiple variables (species richness, mean density, diversity) between a heavily recreationally impacted transect (TrH/Impact) and a less-impacted transect (TrL/Control) in different impact periods (Before, During & After) were applied to assess the response of sandy-beach macrobenthos to recreation and tourism. Meanwhile, a comparison between the macrobenthos conditions of the studied beach and reference conditions calculating from historical data of similar beaches with little recreation and tourism disturbances was carried out. Furthermore, the quality control chart approach was used to detect in detail the macrobenthos stable state and yearly response to recreational activities. The results showed that recreation and tourism posed a serious threat to the beach ecosystem; macrobenthos on the studied beach were seriously disturbed by recreational activities, and their variations were highly negatively related to the human recreational level. After monthly recreational impacts, the macrobenthos decreased sharply and recovered with difficulty during 1 year. Over the long-term, the macrobenthos had a sharp decreasing trend, which indicated that the ecological environment of the beach was highly disturbed. Conservation measures for recreational beaches are very challenging because of the economic value and popularity of sandy beaches as recreational sites. However, practicable conservation measures could be implemented that prevent or slow ecological degradation. A number of management and conservation suggestions are put forward, such as the establishment of the ecological carrying capacity of Liandao Beach in terms of direct recreational use, creation of themed exhibitions related to the beach macrobenthos and beach ecosystem and dissemination of this knowledge to visitors, implementation of spatial zoning of beach use, visitor management and environmental education.     

Large-scale seafloor stability evaluation of the northern continental slope of South China Sea

Abstract

With the continuous expansion of energy demand, the deep-water continental slope in the northern South China Sea has become one of the significant offshore oil and gas exploration regions. The frequent occurrence of marine geological hazards in this region, especially submarine landslides, can cause serious damage to engineering facilities. However, there have been few studies on the stability of the northern continental slope of the South China Sea; these studies mainly focused on a specific submarine slope or small-range evaluation, resulting in a lack of large-scale and quantitative understanding. Hence, considering the variation in the physical and mechanical properties of marine soils with depth, formulas for calculating the safety factor of submarine slopes by an infinite sliding model are established, and the factors affecting slope stability such as soil properties, slope gradient and horizontal seismic action are systematically investigated. Using GIS techniques, the terrain slope gradients and a historical seismic database of the northern South China Sea are obtained. Combined with soil mechanical parameters, a regional stability evaluation of the northern continental slope is carried out. Furthermore, the distribution of risk zones is given. On the whole, under strong seismic action, large-scale submarine slope instability occurs and must be highly considered when assessing risk. This achievement is of great significance to engineering sites, route selection and engineering risk assessment.     

光纤惯导国内外发展现状及其关键技术分析

详细介绍了陀螺和加速计的种类、发展历程和发展趋势,对光纤、激光和微机电(MEMS)惯导的精度、重量、体积、功耗等指标及其优劣势进行了对比。随后,论述了国内外光纤惯导的研究现状,并分析了国内外相关产品。重点研究了光纤惯导的初始对准技术、在线标定技术、温度补偿技术和组合导航技术。     

青海官亭盆地史前灾难性地表过程及其影响研究

通过详细的野外考察,在官亭盆地喇家遗址东侧二方村遗址区域发现完整的土壤沉积物剖面。该剖面记录了全新世土壤土地资源的形成和发展演变,以及灾难性地表过程和人类活动的信息。在深入观察分析的基础上,系统采样并进行多种指标测试分析及年代测定。结果表明：其基本的土壤层序由上到下为：现代表土层(MS)—现代黄土(L₀)—全新世中期黑垆土(S₀)—全新世早期过渡性黄土(L_t)。该序列最显著的特征,是全新世中期黑垆土古土壤被厚达1.2~1.5 m的山洪泥流沉积层分隔为2段,表明在OSL年龄3940~3780 a,对应喇家遗址¹⁴C年龄3850~3600 a BP期间,官亭盆地北侧第三系红层丘陵沟壑区发生大规模暴雨山洪泥流过程。它们在古洪积扇前沿二级阶地溢出沟槽,扩散覆盖土地表面,形成了山洪泥流层组。而辛店文化早期(3600~3400 a BP)的透镜状灰烬层,则出现在该沉积层组的表面。这表明以农牧混合型土地利用为特色的早期辛店/卡约文化在该区域的形成发展,是以灾难性地表过程沉积的红色砂土和粘土地为基础的。这就与山洪泥流层组之下齐家文化(4150~3850 a BP)时期粟黍类谷物种植农业赖以形成发展的肥沃疏松的黑垆土类土壤形成对照。该研究结果揭示出该区域史前人类原始农业土地利用方式由谷物种植向农牧混合的转变,是在全球性气候恶化背景下,由灾难性地表过程造成的土壤和土地资源的退化所引起的。这对于深入了解青藏高原与黄土高原过渡带环境变化与土地利用方式发展演变的驱动因素具有重要的科学意义。     

Optimization and Field Application of CO2 Gas Fracturing Technique for Enhancing CBM Extraction

Since most coalfields in China are commonly characterized by high gas content and low permeability, there is an urgent need to improve coal seam permeability and further enhance coal bed methane (CBM) extraction efficiency. As an emerging fracturing technology, the CO₂ gas fracturing (CGF) technology has been widely used because of its advantages of low cost, environmental protection and high fragmentation efficiency. In order to improve the fracturing ability of CGF technique and optimize the release orifices of discharge head, computational fluid dynamics model was used in this paper to simulate the flow fields of dynamic pressure of gas jet released from the orifices with different structures and other geometrical parameters. The results show that the orifice structure has a great influence on the flow field of gas jet, but little influence on the magnitude of the dynamic pressure. Besides, the maximum dynamic pressure of gas jet linearly decreases with the increase in the number of release orifices. Based on a series of simulation results, the discharge head which has single group of orifices with structure c, diameter of 24 mm can be identified as the best choice for fieldwork. Then, two field experiments were conducted in Pingdingshan and Changping coal mines to evaluate the enhanced CBM extraction efficiency by CGF. The results indicate that the CGF can effectively create a large number of cracks in a large range around the fracturing borehole in the coal seam and further significantly improve the permeability. And the CBM extraction efficiency can be improved to a higher level from a lower level and maintained for a long time. Besides, the effective influence radii caused by CGF in Pingdingshan and Changping coal mines are 15.19 m and 12.5 m, respectively. Compared with other fracturing techniques, the CGF technique has a promising application prospect.

     

塔里木盆地盐生和干旱生境柽柳(Tamarix)凋落物分解特征

以塔里木盆地柽柳（Tamarix）凋落物为研究对象,应用凋落袋法,揭示其在盐生（H₁）和干旱（H₂）生境中分解差异性及主要制约因子。结果表明：（1）经720 d分解,H₁、H₂生境中柽柳凋落物残留率分别为83.50%、53.73%,两种生境下凋落物残留率差异极显著（P < 0.01）。（2）在H₁、H₂生境中,柽柳凋落物分解系数分别为0.082、0.320,分解50%所需时间分别为9.40、2.17 a,分解95%所需时间分别为40.62、9.36 a。（3） C元素在H₁中富集-释放交替进行,在H₂中为单一的富集-释放;N元素在H₁中表现出累积-释放交替模式,在H₂中表现出相反的变化趋势;P元素在0~360 d分解时间段均呈逐渐释放过程,而在第360~720 d,H₁呈逐渐累积过程,H₂呈累积-释放模式。木质素呈现逐渐释放模式,纤维素释放模式富集-释放交替进行。经720 d分解,C、N、P、木质素、纤维素残留率在两种生境中均存在极显著差异（P < 0.01）。（4）微生境变化对凋落物分解制约因素并不相同,盐生生境下土壤Na⁺含量是制约凋落物分解的主要因子,而干旱生境下残留量、土壤Mg²⁺、凋落物全磷含量起主导作用。     

北冰洋与邻近海区海洋-海冰模式的试算与校验

本文将目前先进的大尺度海洋、海冰模式(NEMO3.6和LIM3)应用于北大西洋–北冰洋–北太平洋(简称NAPA),并进行了试验后报模拟。所建立的模式NAPA1/4和NAPA1/12的水平分辨率分别为(1/4)°和(1/12)°经、纬度,计算范围覆盖太平洋45°N以北海区、整个北冰洋及北大西洋;其中,NAPA1/4和NAPA1/12在北大西洋的边界分别为26°N和7°N。目前,已利用NAPA1/4完成了1993–2015年的后报模拟。本文基于观测数据和已发表文献对模拟结果中的北冰洋海冰变化、环流结构以及水文特征进行了校验。结果表明,NAPA1/4能够再现北冰洋的主要热力与动力过程,可以用来分析海冰、水团、大西洋/太平洋入/出流等的季节与年际变化规律。利用NAPA1/12进行了1993–1996年的模拟计算。初步结果分析表明,提高分辨率可更为精细地刻画北冰洋的海冰、水团和环流的结构。     

福建省地表温度与植被覆盖度的相关性分析

地表温度（Land surface Tenperature, LST）和植被覆盖度（Fractional Vegetation Coverage, FVC)是生态环境变化的重要指标因子,研究两者的时空变化及相互关系对评价区域生态环境建设、改善区域生态环境具有重要意义。本文以福建省为研究区域,利用2001-2015年MODIS 11A2 LST和13Q1 NDVI数据,在时序数据重构的基础上对福建省LST时空变化及LST与FVC的相互关系进行分析。结果表明：①2001-2015年福建省LST总体呈轻微下降趋势,尤其是2010年之后其LST明显降低。LST与FVC的空间分布具有较好的负相关一致性：在FVC较高的区域,LST值较低;在FVC较低的区域,LST较高。② LST与FVC、DEM和纬度均成负相关关系,且负相关性在一年之中随着月份的变化而呈规律性增加或降低。夏季FVC对LST的负相关性最大为0.7,冬季FVC对LST的负相关性降低为0.4。③LST随着FVC增加而降低的趋势呈现分段线性关系,存在“FVC拐点”。“FVC拐点”前后随着FVC增加LST的降低速率在夏季 “先慢后快”,而在冬季则“先快后慢”。春秋两季,LST随着FVC增加而降低的速率在“FVC拐点”前后差异变小。在夏季,当FVC大于0.4时,FVC每增加0.1可降低LST约0.77 °C,降温效果大约是FVC小于0.4时的2倍。因此如果要有效地降低夏季地表高温,要使地表植被覆盖大于40%,才能较好的发挥植被的降温的作用。④在1-8月份,FVC对LST的负相关作用存在滞后性,FVC变化对滞后一个月的LST时空分布影响更大。研究成果对福建省生态环境建设与评估具有一定的意义,对于发挥植被对区域高温抑制作用提供了重要的参考依据。     

利用反射地震资料研究吴忠地区崇兴断裂精细结构

为了研究宁夏吴忠地区东部隐伏断层的位置、空间展布以及内部构造特征,在可能存在崇兴断层的位置布设了几条高分辨率的浅层地震反射测线。结果表明,崇兴断层为走向北北东、倾向西西北的正断层。浅层反射地震测线控制的崇兴断层延伸长度约12 km,断层倾角较陡,近于直立,南部的WJQ测线上的断点FP1揭示该断层可分辨上断点错断了第四系底界面TQ,而向北的SJDD测线上的断点FP5和WJZ测线上的断点FP6揭示,该断层向上错断了第四系内部界面T02,反映该断层活动性具有北段相对强而南段相对弱的特点。     

前期土壤湿度和降雨对小流域山洪预警指标的影响评估

山洪灾害临界雨量预警指标受多种因素影响,尤其是前期土壤湿度状况和降雨变化。基于分布式水文模型和情景分析法确定安徽省岳西流域的山洪灾害临界雨量集合,评估前期土壤湿度状况、雨型和预警时段对临界雨量变化的影响。研究表明：① 中国山洪水文模拟系统在研究区内具有较好的适用性,率定期和验证期的平均径流深和洪峰流量相对误差均在15%以内,平均峰现时间误差在1h以内,平均Nash-Sutcliffe系数为0.79和0.77;② 60种情景模式下,池墩组村的临界雨量集合为141~528 mm;③ 前期土湿状况和雨型均显著影响临界雨量变化,随着土壤饱和率从0.20分别增加到0.50和0.80,临界雨量分别减少13.7%~16.2%和26.8%~31.8%;短历时预警时,临界雨量由大到小的相应雨型分别为减弱雨型、中间雨型和增强雨型。研究可为山洪灾害预报和早期预警提供理论支持,也为中国山洪灾害防治提供参考和借鉴。