The response of warm-season precipitation extremes in China to global warming: an observational perspective from radiosonde measurements

Consensus has been reached that precipitation extremes vary proportionally with global warming. Nevertheless, the underlying cause and magnitude of these factors affecting their relationships remain highly debated. To elucidate the complex relationship between precipitation extremes and temperature in China during the warm seasons (May through September), a 60-year (1958–2017) record of hourly rain gauge measurements, in combination with surface air temperature, RH, precipitable water (PW), and convective available potential energy (CAPE) collected from 120 radiosonde stations were examined. Spatially, the scaling relationship between precipitation extremes and temperature exhibits a large geographic difference across China. In particular, the Clausius–Clapeyron (CC) and sub-CC relationships tend to occur in northwest (ROI-N) and southeast China (ROI-S), whereas the super-CC relationship is found to mainly concentrates in central China (ROI-C). Additionally, the response of precipitation extremes to temperature becomes more sensitive as precipitation intensity increases, shifting from CC to super-CC at a certain point of inflection that varies by geographic regions. This shift occurs at approximately 15 °C in ROI-C and ROI-N, but at around 20 °C in ROI-S. Within the temperature range of the super-CC slope, the PW rises with the increases in temperature, whereas the CAPE decreases with rising temperature, which is contrary to the monotonic scaling of precipitation with temperature. From the perspective of interannual variation, the precipitation extremes correlate positively with temperature. This further confirms the notion that global warming, through jointly affecting PW and CAPE, is able to considerably regulate precipitation extremes.     

Patterns of waterbird community composition across a natural and restored wetland landscape mosaic,Yellow River Delta,China

Habitat restoration can help mitigate the extensive loss and degradation of estuarine and coastal wetlands that have consequently eroded the integrity of many migratory flyways and wintering habitat for waterbird populations. Assessing the impact of restoration strategies however relies on empirical data on waterbird community distribution patterns across natural and restored wetland components. We conducted habitat and waterbird surveys across six natural and restored wetland regions in the Yellow River Delta Nature Reserve (YRDNR), eastern China, between 2007 and 2009. We recorded 93 waterbird species, including populations of 21 global conservation importance species. Community composition was stratified into distinctive clusters with compositional structure changing across these natural, modified and restored wetland components. NMDS ordination revealed that waterbird communities in restored wetlands were significantly different from those in natural and modified wetland components. Community distribution patterns were strongly influenced by environmental gradients (most noticeably salinity), water-level regulation, vegetation composition and differences in protected status. We found marked temporal patterns in waterbird community composition, which may be predictable for the different wetland components across the YRDNR landscape. Our study highlights the conservation benefits of restoring smaller wetland components in improving the ecological integrity of the wider wetland landscape mosaic for waterbird populations. A more coherent and intensive landscape management of water-level regulation and restoration of salinity gradients will be fundamental for wetland and waterbird conservation throughout the YRDNR.     

短时强降水对剑河县城市内涝风险影响分析

城市内涝的发生与气象条件紧密相关,强降水是致灾的关键因素。通过分析把握剑河县城降雨变化趋势,结合城区的易涝点及历史积水资料,得到内涝灾害风险的分布特征及演变规律,进一步开展气象条件致灾关键环节分析,有助于剑河县内涝灾害气象决策服务更加精细化,为加强城市灾害的应急处置和应对防范能力体系建设提供气象支撑。通过对剑河县国家气象观测站2007～2021年降水数据进行分析,剑河县城降水主要集中在4～9月,占全年降水的74.5％,该时段也是剑河县城短时强降水、大雨、暴雨的集中高发期,4～9月大雨以上量级降水出现日数呈增多趋势,近15a来1h最大降水量呈逐年波动增加趋势,且主要发生在4～9月。结合DEM数字高程数据得到的易积水路段点及历史积水内涝资料分析,当短时强降水发生时,县城易积水路段会出现不同程度的积水,当小时雨强达到20mm且未来降水持续时,有积水达到10~20cm的风险,对行人过往造成影响,需加强监测并提示相关部门注意易积水路段可能出现积水风险;小时雨强超过30mm时,有积水超过20cm的风险,对车辆及低洼路段建筑影响较大,需及时联系相关部门建议在易积水路段采取相应排水措施,避免出现积水内涝情况影响居民工作生活,同时开展公众服务建议居民注意出行安全;小时雨强超过50mm时,将出现30cm以上积水,对过往车辆及低洼段建筑影响很大,行驶车辆应当就近到安全区域暂避,避免将车辆停放在低洼易涝等危险区域,如遇严重水浸等危险情况应当立即弃车逃生。相关应急处置部门和抢险单位应当严密监视灾情,做好内涝可能引发的其他灾害应急抢险救灾工作。     

Observational study of the physical and chemical characteristics of the winter radiation fog in the tropical rainforest in Xishuangbanna,China

Science China Earth Sciences - We conducted a three-month field experiment focusing on the physical and chemical characteristics of fog in a tropical rainforest in Xishuangbanna, Southwest China,...     

Preliminary study on responses of marine nematode community to crude oil contamination in intertidal zone of Bathing Beach, Dalian

This study investigated the responses of marine nematodes to crude oil contamination in polluted and relatively uncontaminated sites in Dalian Xingang, China, 40 days after an oil spill. Samples were taken at different tide levels on the beach and at different positions along the beach. We present the results of a comparison of nematode assemblages from undisturbed sediment from the Xiajiahezi Bathing Beach with those from sediment from the Xinghai Bathing Beach contaminated with crude oil. A total of 1666 nematodes from 26 genera were found in this study. Results showed significant differences in nematode assemblages between samples from undisturbed controls and those from the polluted area. Nematode abundance, number of species, diversity and species richness decreased significantly with increasing levels of crude oil contamination. Fifteen genera were eliminated and seemed to be composed of species intolerant to crude oil contamination; only the abundance of Marylynnia sp. increased slightly.     

The Impact of Snail (Bellamya aeruginosa) Bioturbation on Sediment Characteristics and Organic Carbon Fluxes in an Eutrophic Pond

A mesocosm experiment was conducted for 32 days in an eutrophic pond to study the effects of the bioturbation of the freshwater snail, Bellamya aeruginosa, on the benthic environment and to further understand cycling of organic carbon in water containing algal blooms. Chlorophyll‐a (chl‐a), phaeopigment, and organic matter contents of sediment, sediment oxygen consumption (SOC), and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) fluxes were determined on day 1, 16, and 32, respectively. The SOC decreased on day 16 and increased on day 32 significantly with the increase in snail density. DOC fluxes showed a net sediment uptake in all enclosures throughout the experiment. DOC fluxes in the high and mid density treatments were lower than those of the control. The concentrations of chl‐a and phaeopigment in the sediment increased significantly with snail density, indicating that the presence of snails reduced the biomass of phytoplankton. The results suggest that freshwater snails, B. aeruginosa, could influence the algal biomass (chl‐a) of small water bodies by their bioturbation effects on sediment characteristics and the fluxes of organic carbon.     

云南个旧锡矿山地质环境模型

文章以重金属元素为研究对象,在系统野外采样与分析工作的基础上,给出了云南个旧锡矿山的地质环境模型.影响环境的因素有:个旧原生矿床富含多金属硫化物,氧化后易生成酸;碳酸盐可以消耗硫化物氧化所产生的酸并可防止金属的迁移.矿山开发之前由矿床向环境释放的元素重量,Cu为1.21万吨、Pb为7.0万吨、Cd为101.91吨、As...     

陕西省植被指数动态变化特征研究

本文对太原机场2007年-2009年5次冷锋型低空风切变天气过程进行了统计分析,总结出本场发生冷锋型低空风切变时各气象因素的变化规律,从而提高预报员利用常规探测资料判别预报冷锋型低空风切变的能力。     

Dust variation recorded by lacustrine sediments from arid Central Asia since ~ 15 cal ka BP and its implication for atmospheric circulation

A long dust history established using geological archives from dust provenance areas is necessary to understand the role of atmospheric dust in the global climate system better. Core sediments from a closed-basin groundwater-recharged lake in arid Central Asia were investigated using a multi-proxy approach (e.g. ¹⁴C AMS dating, pollen, and grain size) to trace the dust history since ~ 15 cal ka BP. Pollen analysis showed that before 7.9 cal ka BP, the vegetation was of desert type. After 7.9 cal ka BP, vegetation density increased, probably due to slightly increased moisture. The Chenopodiaceae-dominated desert expanded rapidly at 4.2–3.8 cal ka BP. Grain-size analysis was conducted for samples of lake deposits, modern aeolian dust, and dust trapped in snow, and the data showed that there was strong aeolian dust deposition at 11.8–11.1, 10.6–8, 6.1–4.9, and after 3.3 cal ka BP. This timing corresponds well with periods of increased terrestrial dust fluxes recorded by Greenland ice cores. Our study may document changes in the location and intensity of the Siberia High. These changes may play a more important role in the history of dust emission in arid Central Asia than previously thought.     

Effects of glacier melting on socioeconomic development in the Manas River basin, China

This study used 46 years of recent data, including glacial area, temperature, precipitation, and runoff data, to examine the glacier melting and its possible socioeconomic effects in the Manas River basin in western China. The average yearly change in the glaciated area in the Manas River basin for the entire study period was 0.41 %, and the glacier mass balance mainly keeps negative in the last 46 years. The negative glacial mass balance observed between 1986 and 2006 was 2.8 times greater than that for the period 1960–1985. Additionally, the amount of meltwater runoff was 78 % greater in 1986–2006 than in 1960–1985, with a mean depth of 478 mm year^?1.Glacier melting and runoff in the Manas River basin during the late twentieth century were higher than at present. Annual meltwater volumes can reach 1 × 10⁸ m³, providing beneficial water resources to downstream areas. However, as the climate becomes warmer, the risk of meltwater flooding will also increase. Our calculations indicate that after the 2030s, the level of flooding risk will increase substantially.