Development and validation of p‐y modeling approach for seismic response predictions of highway bridges

This study aims to realistically simulate the seismic responses of typical highway bridges in California with considerations of soil–structure interaction effects. The p‐y modeling approaches are developed and validated for embankments and pile foundations of bridges. The p‐y approach models the lateral and vertical foundation flexibility with distributed p‐y springs and associated t‐z and q‐z springs. Building upon the existing p‐y models for pile foundations, the study develops the nonlinear p‐y springs for embankments based on nonlinear 2D and 3D continuum finite element analysis under passive loading condition along both longitudinal and transverse directions. Closed‐form expressions are developed for two key parameters, the ultimate resistant force p_ult and the displacement y₅₀, where 0.5p_ult is reached, of embankment p‐y models as functions of abutment geometry (wall width and height, embankment fill height, etc.) and soil material properties (wall‐soil friction angle, soil friction angle, and cohesion). In order to account for the kinematic and site responses, depth‐varying ground motions are derived and applied at the free‐end of p‐y springs, which reflects the amplified embankment crest motion. The modeling approach is applied to simulate the seismic responses of the Painter Street Bridge and validated through comparisons with the recorded responses during the 1992 Petrolia earthquake. It is demonstrated that the flexibility and motion amplification at end abutments are the most crucial modeling aspects. The developed p‐y models and the modeling approach can effectively predict the seismic responses of highway bridges. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Dynamic property tests of frozen red sandstone using a split hopkinson pressure bar

In this study, frozen red sandstone specimens were impacted by a Split Hopkinson bar(SHPB), with a velocity of 4.558 ～ 6.823 ms~(-1). The temperature of the specimens was maintained at-15 °C during the experiment. For comparison purposes, static uniaxial compression tests were conducted in advance using a freezing triaxial test machine. Four stress-strain curves were obtained in different average strain rates. The test results suggested that when the average strain rate is low, the specimen strength changes gradually; but when it is high, its strength changes rapidly. When the average strain rate is 120.73 s~(-1), the peak value of stress is as high as 82.96 MPa, which is about two times that of the static compressive strength of 44.1 MPa. A constitutive model was established that was composed of the damaged, viscoelastic and spring bodies, and revealed the variations of compressive strength and strain for the frozen red sandstone under different high strain rates. The test results also showed that the failure form was correlated to the average strain rate of the frozen red sandstone. When the average strain rate is low, the damage was only distributed on the specimen's edges. However, as the average strain rate increases, the damage range extended to the central parts of the specimen. When the average strain rate reached 107.34 s~(-1), the specimen was smashed.     

塔克拉玛干沙漠北缘夏季典型晴天近地层湍流能谱特征

利用塔克拉玛干沙漠北缘肖塘地区涡动相关系统三维方向风速（u,v,w）、气温、CO₂、H₂O等观测数据,分析了夏季典型晴天不同大气稳定度条件下湍流功率谱和协谱。结果表明：大部分情况下湍流速度谱分布满足-2/3幂指数率,垂直方向高频段惯性副区符合程度更高,水平方向次之;CO₂和H₂O浓度则符合程度较低;温度谱与无因次频率总体上都具有很好的相关性。垂直风速与径向风速u的协谱斜率拟合值大多数情况下更接近-1,而在近中性层结条件下更符合-4/5斜线。稳定层结条件下的协谱峰值比不稳定层结时更大,且约大一个量级;不稳定层结条件下高频段协谱近直线型下降。u谱对应的谱峰波长随稳定度增加而减小,v谱和T谱对应的谱峰波长随稳定度的增加没有规律性增减;u、v、w、T谱谱峰波长约67~827、69~2417、4~54、12~661 m。     

带有侧摩擦和底摩擦的绕岛理论

绕岛理论来自于Sverdrup理论,被广泛用于估计和分析通过岛屿之间海峡的输运情况。以往的研究得到了带有侧摩擦或底摩擦的单岛理论或多岛理论。本文在线性情况下考虑了风驱动环流下的解析模型。在同时考虑侧摩擦和底摩擦的情况下,推导出了岛屿周围输运流函数的解析解,并给出了通过岛屿之间通道的流量输运。其结果与Wajsowicz相似,但摩擦常数表示不同的值。从解析解上看,摩擦常数与侧摩擦和底摩擦之间的关系比较复杂,为了推导出它们之间的相互作用原理,本文在正压β平面上随机选取了一些侧摩擦和底摩擦的值。结果表明,在构成摩擦常数方面,侧摩擦和底摩擦近似呈线性关系。我们研究了宽度对通道输运值的影响,结果表明摩擦在一定宽度内提高了流量,这种现象和只考虑侧摩擦时比较相似。本文也比较了在不同深度下的流量,发现当水平涡粘性系数和底部拖曳系数固定时,水深越大,输运减少率越小。为了进一步揭示侧摩擦和底摩擦耗散的联合作用,在两个岛屿的情况下,本文在不同宽度的通道中与Wajsowicz的只考虑底摩擦或侧摩擦的模型进行了比较。结果表明,当通道比较窄,尤其是在小于Munk边界层厚度时,侧摩擦的作用大于底摩擦。当通道宽度远大于Munk边界层厚度时,底摩擦的作用大于侧摩擦。将模型应用到印尼贯穿流,得到大约20%的输运减少量。     

热毯式海底热流原位探测系统设计

针对海底热流探针无法对基岩海底或其他硬质海底进行热流探测的难题,基于傅里叶热力学第一定律提出了非插入式海底热毯原位探测方法,介绍了热毯式热流原位探测系统的设计。通过试验选择了合适的热毯盖层材料、对热毯的形状和设计尺寸等参数进行了设计优化,分析了热毯的工作方式并对布放技术进行了评价。热毯式海底热流探测系统为大洋中脊区域海底的热流探测提供了有效的方法,对于研究板块的热状态及板块的构造活动提供了广阔的应用前景。     

高光谱图像滚动引导递归滤波与地物分类

高光谱图像类内光谱变化较大,"同物异谱"现象普遍存在。利用原始地物光谱特征进行分类精度较低而且分类结果图中存在"椒盐现象"。为了获得好的分类结果,必须充分利用高光谱图像的光谱信息和空间信息,减少类内的光谱变化,并扩大类别间的光谱差异。为此,提出一种滚动引导递归滤波的高光谱图像光谱—空间分类方法。首先,利用主成分分析对高光谱图像进行降维;然后,利用高斯滤波对输入图像进行模糊化,消除图像中的噪声和小尺度结构;接下来,将模糊化后的图像作为引导图像,对输入图像进行边缘保持递归滤波,输出结果作为新的引导图像,重复迭代这个过程直至大尺度边缘被恢复;最后,利用提取的特征波段和支持向量机对高光谱图像进行分类。在两个真实高光谱数据集上进行了分类实验,结果表明本文方法的分类精度优于其他的高光谱图像分类方法。在训练样本极少的情况下,本文方法也能获得较高的分类精度。     

一种针对滩涂LiDAR强度信息的条带噪声修正方法

针对滩涂机载激光雷达(LiDAR)数据的强度信息中存在的条带噪声,提出一种基于非线性RANSAC拟合强度联合直方图的修正算法。所提方法首先利用两个航带重叠区域数据的最近点构建强度联合直方图,之后强度联合直方图上利用二阶多项式构建归一化模型,再利用非线性RANSAC算法对二阶多项式进行拟合,最后利用拟合的二阶多项式对一条航带的数据进行强度修正,从而消除两个航带点云强度信息的不匹配现象。实验表明,相比于直接利用权重最小二乘法或RANSAC方法匹配联合直方图的强度修正方法,本文方法修正效果更好,且修正后航带重叠区的点云强度具有更好的同质性。     

Incoherent Scatter Radar Studies of Daytime Plasma Lines

First results from wideband (electron phase energies of 5–51 eV), high-resolution (0.1 eV) spectral measurements of photoelectron–enhanced plasma lines made with the 430 MHz radar at Arecibo Observatory are presented. In the F region, photoelectrons produced by solar EUV line emissions (He II and Mg IX) give rise to plasma line spectral peaks/valleys. These and other structures occur within an enhancement zone extending from electron phase energies of 14–27 eV in both the bottomside and topside ionosphere. However, photoelectron–thermal electron Coulomb energy losses can lead to a broadened spectral structure with no resolved peaks in the topside ionosphere. The plasma line energy spectra obtained in the enhancement zone exhibit a unique relation in that phase energy is dependent on pitch angle; this relation does not exist in any other part of the energy spectrum. Moreover, large fluctuations in the difference frequency between the upshifted and downshifted plasma lines are evident in the 14–27 eV energy interval. At high phase energies near 51 eV the absolute intensities of photoelectron-excited Langmuir waves are much larger than those predicted by existing theory. The new measurements call for a revision/improvement of plasma line theory in several key areas.     

Preparation by enzymolysis and bioactivity of iron complex of fish protein hydrolysate （Fe-FPH）from low value fish

Preparation of Fe^2＋ chelate of fish protein hydrolysate （Fe-FPH） obtained from low value fish proteins was introduced and its bioactivity was studied by compound enzymolysis. The optimum conditions for hydrolysate chelating Fe^2＋ are DH （degree of hydrolysis） at 5%, pH 7.0, 20℃ and 15 min chelating time for FM （material not being defatted）. Four types of Fe-FPH including CA （deposit after chelating）, CB （deposit in 50% of absolute ethanol solution）, CC （suspended deposit in 80% of absolute ethanol solution）, and CD （bottom deposit in 80% of absolute ethanol solution） were fractionated with absolute ethanol from FM. Structural analysis through infra-red spectrum revealed that Fe^2＋ was combined strongly with amino-group and carboxyl-group in each chelate and each Fe^2＋ could form two five-member ring structures. All of the four chelates were shown more significant antioxidative activity and can be used as natural hydrophobic and hydrophilic antioxidant. Among all the chelates, the CB possesses the most effective antioxidative activity at 92% as high as that of a-tocopherol. Among all Fe-FPHs, only CD showed the most effective antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhi, and Bacillus subtilis and can be used as natural antibacterial. It provides a more effective way for utilization of low value fish proteins and key information of Fe-FPH as additive in food industry.     

地质灾害应急调查系统的设计与实现

针对地质灾害应急调查对灾害信息实时、准确、完整的要求,分析嵌入式GIS在地质灾害应急调查中的应用特点和优势,并借助MapGIS-EMS地图引擎开发系统基本框架。系统加入素描图使得更加完整地描述现场,采用编辑距离方法对调查数据质量进行检查,利用无线通讯网络采用动态缓存和分包传输机制保证灾害信息的实时、完整上传,使系统成为提高地质灾害应急调查效率的有力工具。