Submersion simulation in a typical debris flow watershed of Jianzhuangchuan catchment,Loess Plateau

Debris flow is one of the most serious and frequent geological disasters that occur in the Loess Plateau. The outbreak of a debris flow is sudden, ferocious, swift, and destructive. The characteristics and mechanism of debris flow were explored in this study via survey, numerical simulation, and simulation analysis in a Loess Plateau area (Huangling County, Shaanxi Province, China). Numerical models and formulas corresponding to the occurrence and movement mechanism were established based on the HEC-RAS, HEC-GeoRAS, and SWAT results. The range of debris flow deposition was determined through capturing the debris flow free surface. A hydrological model and critical rainfall threshold were determined in order to provide technical support for debris flow forecasting in the Loess Plateau. The results suggest that 10-year floods do not submerge any portion of the basin. One village area was affected by the 100-year flood (total area of 0.648 km²) while four villages areas were submerged by the 1000-year flood (total area of 1.39 km²). The method presented here may provide a reliable scientific basis for mitigating loss due to debris flow hazards.     

IPCC第五次评估报告全球和区域气候预估图集评述

正与以往4次IPCC评估报告~①相比,第五次评估报告(AR5)增加了附录一:"全球和区域气候预估图集"~([1])。该图集是AR5的特色之一,它利用国际耦合模式比较计划第五阶段(CMIP5)~([2])全球气候模式的部分数据,给出了一系列全球和区域气候变化的图形。这些图形显示了全球和若干不同次大陆尺度区域在不同季节的表面气温变化和降水相对变化     

Crude-oil hydrocarbon composition characteristics and oil viscosity prediction in the northern Songliao Basin

Crude oil hydrocarbon composition characteristics and oil viscosity prediction are important bases in petroleum exploration.A total of 54 oil/heavy-oil samples and 17 oil sands were analyzed and quantified using both comprehensive 2D gas chromatography(GC×GC)and comprehensive 2D gas chromatography/time-of-flight mass spectrometry(GC×GC/TOFMS).The results show that crude oil in the West slope is mainly heavy oil and its hydrocarbon composition is characterized overall by paraffinsmono-aromaticsnaphthenesnon-hydrocarbonsdi-aromaticstri-aromaticstetra-aromatics.Aromatics are most abundant and non-hydrocarbons are least abundant,whilst content differences among paraffins,naphthenes,aromatics,and non-hydrocarbons are less than 15%.There are two types of heavy oil,secondary type and mixing type.Biodegradation is the main formation mechanism of heavy oil.Biodegradation levels cover light biodegradation,moderate biodegradation,and severe biodegradation.With increasing biodegradation,paraffin content decreases while contents of aromatics and nonhydrocarbons increase.In contrast,naphthene content increases first and then decreases with increasing biodegradation.In severe biodegradation stage,naphthenes decrease more quickly than aromatics and non-hydrocarbons.This provides a new method for studying oil/heavy-oil biodegradation mechanism and biodegradation resistance of different hydrocarbons at different biodegradation stages.In the Longhupao-Daan terrace and Qijia-Gulong depression,most crude oil is conventional oil.Its composition is dominated by paraffins with the lowest content of aromatics.In some casual oil wells from the Longhupao-Daan terrace,crude oil from Saertu oil reservoirs is moderately biodegraded whereas crude oil from Putaohua oil reservoir is lightly biodegraded.Chemical parameters using saturate hydrocarbons and aromatics are usually not suitable for determining organic type and thermal maturity of biodegraded oil,especially of moderately or severely biodegraded oil,whilst Ts/(Ts+Tm)ratio can be used to determine thermal maturity of both conventional crude oil and heavy oil.     

青藏高原大气甲烷浓度时空分布变化特征

利用瓦里关大气本底站甲烷观测数据对美国Aqua卫星的AIRS观测结果进行对比分析,并分析研究了2003~2012年青藏高原对流层大气甲烷的时空分布特征,结果表明:1)AIRS观测结果与近地面观测资料变化趋势一致,存在显著的正相关关系,突变时间比较一致,可以用于青藏高原区域的甲烷浓度特征分析。2)青藏高原对流层甲烷浓度在空间分布上存在显著的西北—东南走向的低值带及其南北侧存在4个固定的高值中心,分别位于阿里、那曲、山南和玉树。3)青藏高原甲烷浓度呈现显著随高度而降低的趋势,年平均甲烷浓度分别为1.810ppm(1 ppm=10-6)、1.797 ppm和1.781 ppm。在对流层中层和中上层,甲烷浓度基本呈现低值带最低、南北侧均高的山谷型分布特征。在对流层层顶,以低值带为分界线,呈现明显的南高北低特征。4)青藏高原甲烷浓度随时间呈缓慢上升趋势,平均速度为0.0018 ppm/a,夏季上升最快,秋季上升最慢。5)青藏高原甲烷存在明显的单峰型季节变化特征,夏秋季高,冬春季低,与东部地区冬、夏双峰型特征不同,随着高度上升季节变化更为明显。     

我国城市更新中的权益博弈研究述评

城市更新是城市发展的一种重要方式,其关键和难点在于平衡利益相关者之间的权益博弈。在城市化快速发展时期,我国便出现了大规模的城市更新,这使得我国城市更新中的权益博弈形成了独特的模式与特征,较之于西方发达国家也更加复杂。文章认为随着我国城市更新研究的不断深入,在权益博弈研究领域取得了一定的成果,但也存在一些问题与不足,如对博弈主体间的关系研究不足、对城市更新中的“社会运动”现象研究不够,未来的研究需要综合运用多学科理论,注重典型个案的深入研究,逐步构建出合乎中国国情的城市更新权益博弈理论。     

Spatial expansion effects on urban ecosystem services supply-demand mismatching in Guanzhong Plain Urban Agglomeration of China

Journal of Geographical Sciences - Global urbanization has led to drastic land use change, interfering the ecosystem services (ES) supply-demand balance, in turn threatening the well-being of...     

江苏数字地震台网地震速报软件

介绍江苏数字地震台网地震速报软件功能及在江苏数字地震台网地震速报工作中的应用,该软件实现了实时数据的收集,对地震三要素快速准确地处理,提高了工作效率,在地震监测工作中发挥了重要作用。     

Optimizing layout of pumping well in irrigation district for groundwater sustainable use in northwest China

Optimizing layout of pumping well plays a vital role in curbing the groundwater level decline. A novel optimization model is presented in this study. First, the optimal well number is obtained by taking into account factors of local economy and environment based on nonlinear programming model. Then, the well spatial layout assessment model is attained based on information entropy weight and technique for order preference by similarity to ideal solution (TOPSIS). After that, the relative closeness to positive ideal solution of alternative (c_i) on the rationality of well spatial layout in cultivated land is calculated, and a set of alternatives are ranked according to the descending order of c_i. Finally, the well optimization layout is obtained by combining the optimal well number with well spatial layout assessment result based on the GIS data of pumping wells. As a case study, this method was applied in Yongchang Irrigation District of Shiyang River Basin, the arid region of northwest China. Results show that under the conditions of sustainable use of water resources, the irrigation district needed 724 wells for irrigation, with a decrease of 31.0% when compared with the existing number of wells. The wells with low flow rate and operating efficiency distributed in high density where groundwater is over‐exploitation were recommended to be closed. This well optimization layout method is expected to play a significant role in helping make plans for exploiting groundwater at more sustainable level, curbing the groundwater level decline trend, and improving the local ecological environment. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

1961-2015年吉林省极端降水指数时空变化特征

利用1961-2015年吉林省50个气象站的逐日降水量资料,通过RClimDex v1.1软件计算11个极端降水指数,采用线性倾向估计和Morlet小波分析等方法,分析了吉林省极端降水指数的时空变化规律。结果表明：1961-2015年吉林省最长连续无雨日数（CDD）自西向东逐渐降低,其他极端降水指数均呈自西向东逐渐增加的趋势分布。吉林省CDD呈极显著的下降趋势,下降速率为-1.99 d·（10a）^-1,其他极端降水指数波动变化,线性趋势不显著。吉林省各极端降水指数均在20世纪70年代达到最小值。绝大多数极端降水指数存在3 a和12 a左右的周期变化,3 a左右的主周期通过了0.05的显著性水平检验。吉林省极端降水指数除CDD随经度、海拔的增加而显著降低,随纬度的增加而显著增加外,其他大部分极端降水指数随经度、海拔的增加而增加,随纬度的增加而降低。     

六盘山及其邻区现今大地垂直形变与构造活动研究

以六盘山及其邻近地区1970年以来的水准网监测及跨断裂水准测量资料为主,结合GPS水平运动、区域构造和历史强震活动,研究该区域现今大地垂直形变与地壳构造活动特征。分析认为：1）六盘山及其邻区较长时间尺度垂直形变速度场显示的六盘山、西秦岭以及贺兰山等山地相对上升、盆地相对下降的山、盆垂直构造活动差异,体现了该区域现代地壳垂直运动所呈现的继承性趋势特征;2）区域水准垂直形变与GPS水平运动变形综合反映,六盘山、西秦岭等山区现今地壳挤压缩短强烈地带,垂直隆升也相对显著,2者具有一定的共生性特征;3）GPS水平运动速度场在六盘山断裂两侧西强、东弱差异所反映的区域水平运动受阻状态,与六盘山断裂两侧垂直差异活动状况相配合,在一定程度上反映了六盘山构造带应变积累程度较高。这些结果对于该区域未来强震活动研究具有参考价值。