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941.
Data collected during July and August from the Arctic Ocean Experiment 2001 illustrated a common occurrence of specific-humidity
(q) inversions, where moisture increases with height, coinciding with temperature inversions in the central Arctic boundary
layer and lower troposphere. Low-level stratiform clouds and their relationship to temperature inversions are examined using
radiosonde data and data from a suite of remote sensing instrumentation. Two low-level cloud regimes are identified: the canonical
case of stratiform clouds, where the cloud tops are capped by the temperature inversion base (CCI—Clouds Capped by Inversion)
and clouds where the cloud tops were found well inside the inversion (CII—Clouds Inside Inversion). The latter case was found
to occur more than twice as frequently than the former. The characteristic of the temperature inversion is shown to have an
influence on the cloud regime that was supported. Statistical analyses of the cloud regimes using remote sensing instruments
suggest that CCI cases tend to be dominated by single-phase liquid cloud droplets; radiative cooling at the cloud top limits
the vertical extent of such clouds to the inversion base height. The CII cases, on the other hand, display characteristics
that can be divided into two situations—(1) clouds that only slightly penetrate the temperature inversion and exhibit a microphysical
signal similar to CCI cases, or (2) clouds that extend higher into the inversion and show evidence of a mixed-phase cloud
structure. An important interplay between the mixed-phase structure and an increased potential for turbulent mixing across
the inversion base appears to support the lifetime of CII cases existing within the inversion layer. 相似文献
942.
Impacts of Cumulus Convective Parameterization Schemes on Summer Monsoon Precipitation Simulation over China 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
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By using the Betts-Miller-Janjic, Grell-Devenyi, and Kain-Fritsch cumulus convective parameterization
schemes in theWeather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model, long time simulations from 2000 to 2009 are
conducted to investigate the impacts of different cumulus convective parameterization schemes on summer
monsoon precipitation simulation over China. The results show that all the schemes have the capability
to reasonably reproduce the spatial and temporal distributions of summer monsoon precipitation and the
corresponding background circulation. The observed north-south shift of monsoon rain belt is also well
simulated by the three schemes. Detailed comparison indicates that the Grell-Devenyi scheme gives a better
performance than the others. Deficiency in simulated water vapor transport is one possible reason for the
precipitation simulation bias. 相似文献
943.
山西省层状云飞机云物理观测试验结果分析 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
利用山西省2008年-2010年64架次云结构的粒子测量系统(DMT)探测资料,配合地面观测和卫星资料统计分析了层状云系的宏微观特征。发现:降水性层状云低云含水量垂直方向上平均为0.03g,m^3,中云含水量垂直方向上平均为0.05g/m30对比分析降水云和非降水云系的微物理特征量,两者存在显著的差异,降水性层状云云粒子有效半径要达到10μm-14μm。对云系不同温度层的微物理特征和云中水分按不同粒子尺度的分配特征进行了对比分析,结果表明:降水性层状云在垂直方向上的微物理结构特征非常明显,也是分层的。高层主要是冰相粒子,主要是冰雪晶,随高度降低冰雪晶的尺度增大,在四个典型温度层的观测中,LWC、云粒子及降水的浓度、尺度相较有很大不同。云中水分按不同粒子尺度的分配可以看出,直径20μm、30μm的粒子含水量较高,对云中液态水含量的贡献较大,降水粒子主要由20μm、30μm的粒子转化。 相似文献
944.
945.
Aircraft turbulence data from the Autonomous Ocean Sampling Network project were analyzed and compared to the Coupled Ocean–Atmosphere
Response Experiment (COARE) bulk parametrization of turbulent fluxes in an ocean area near the coast of California characterized
by complex atmospheric flow. Turbulent fluxes measured at about 35 m above the sea surface using the eddy-correlation method
were lower than bulk estimates under unstable and stable atmospheric stratification for all but light winds. Neutral turbulent
transfer coefficients were used in this comparison because they remove the effects of mean atmospheric conditions and atmospheric
stability. Spectral analysis suggested that kilometre-scale longitudinal rolls affect significantly turbulence measurements
even near the sea surface, depending on sampling direction. Cross-wind sampling tended to capture all the available turbulent
energy. Vertical soundings showed low boundary-layer depths and high flux divergence near the sea surface in the case of sensible
heat flux but minimal flux divergence for the momentum flux. Cross-wind sampling and flux divergence were found to explain
most of the observed discrepancies between the measured and bulk flux estimates. At low wind speeds the drag coefficient determined
with eddy correlation and an inertial dissipation method after corrections were applied still showed high values compared
to bulk estimates. This discrepancy correlated with the dominance of sea swell, which was a usually observed condition under
low wind speeds. Under stable atmospheric conditions measured sensible heat fluxes, which usually have low values over the
ocean, were possibly affected by measurement errors and deviated significantly from bulk estimates. 相似文献
946.
947.
Trace Metal Solid State Speciation in Aerosols of the Northern Levantine Basin,East Mediterranean 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
Mustafa Koçak Nilgun Kubilay Barak Herut Malcolm Nimmo 《Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry》2007,56(3):239-257
An established three stage sequential leach scheme was applied to a series of selected high volume aerosol samples (n = 35) collected from the Turkish Eastern Mediterranean coastline (Erdemli). Samples were selected according to their air
mass back trajectory history to reflect the contrasting mixtures of aerosol material present in the Eastern Mediterranean
marine aerosol. Two populations were adopted, those samples which were classed as “anthropogenic” and those which were “Saharan”
dominated aerosol populations. Applying the three stage leach it was possible to define the proportion for each of the considered
metals (Al, Fe, Cu, Pb, Cd, Zn and Mn) present in the (a) “exchangeable” (b) “carbonate / oxide” and (c) “refractory” phases,
representing novel solid state aerosol speciation data for this marine system. Clear trends were established, conforming with
data from previous studies with mainly crustal derived metals (Al and Fe) being present in the refractory phases (Al > 88%;
Fe > 84%) and those influenced by anthropogenic sources being dominating in the exchangeable phase, although for these metals
the variability was comparatively high (12–64%; 19–85%; 40–100% for Zn, Pb and Cd, respectively). For the majority, greater
exchangeable fractions were present the lower the crustal source contribution to the aerosol population, whereas the “refractory”
fraction exhibited contrasting behaviour. This was illustrated by the novel application of the mixing diagram, presenting
each of the three speciation stages against the corresponding percent anthropogenic contribution to each collected sample.
Zn, Pb and Cd all illustrated progressive decrease in the percent exchangeable with increasing crustal contribution to the
aerosol population. The percent exchangeable was discussed in terms of its use to represent the upper limit of the bioavailable
fraction of metal associated with the aerosol, post deposition. The mixing diagram approach enabled the prediction of the
residual fractions for Cd, Pb and Zn (41 ± 4%; 62 ± 4% and 82 ± 5%, respectively,) in Saharan end-member material. 相似文献
948.
笛卡儿坐标系的双多普勒天气雷达三维风场反演技术 总被引:27,自引:9,他引:27
文中研究了笛卡尔坐标系下双多普勒天气雷达三维风场反演技术 ,提出了包括雷达原始资料的预处理 ,空间插值以及可靠性检验的新方法 ,提高了反演结果的可信度和精确度。使用模拟的双多普勒雷达体扫资料进行了反演试验 ,结果表明 :本文的方法能够比较真实地反映风场的三维结构 ,可以用于真实风场的反演。 相似文献
949.
正、斜压流场演变及相互转换所伴随的偶极型阻塞生命史 总被引:3,自引:1,他引:3
将阻塞过程中的大气运动流场分解为正,斜压流场,研究了它们在乌拉尔山偶极型阻塞个例中的演变特征。揭示了正、斜压流场的演变及相互转换所源发的阻塞生命史的全过程。 相似文献
950.
双差分激光雷达——一组可以提高臭氧测量精度的波长 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
模拟了气溶胶影响三波长双差分 (2 6 6 - 2 89- 30 8nm)方法和双波长差分 (2 6 6 - 2 89nm和 2 6 6 - 30 8nm)方法测量对流层臭氧的误差 ,并在合肥测量了对流层 2~ 3.6km高度的臭氧分布。结果表明 ,三波长双差分方法比常规的双波长差分方法能更有效地克服气溶胶的影响 ,三波长差分测量的结果比常规的双波长差分的结果更精确。同时还揭示了气溶胶影响双波长差分方法测量臭氧的规律。模拟结论与测量结果是一致的 相似文献