Fracture energy release and size effect in borehole breakout

The paper presents a simple approximate analytical solution of the remote stresses that cause the collapse of a borehole or other circular cylindrical cavity in an infinite elastic space. Regions of parallel equidistant splitting cracks are assumed to form on the sides of the cavity. Their boundary is assumed to be an ellipse of a growing horizontal axis, the other axis remaining equal to the borehole diameter. The slabs of rock between the splitting cracks are assumed to buckle as slender columns, and their post-critical stress is considered as the residual stress in the cracked rock. The buckling of these slab columns is assumed to be resisted not only by their elastic bending stiffness but also shear stresses produced on rough crack faces by relative shear displacements. The energy release from the infinite medium caused by the growth of the elliptical cracking region is evaluated according to Eschelby's theorem. This release is set equal to the energy dissipated by the formation of all the splitting cracks, which is calculated under the assumption of constant fracture energy. This yields the collapse stress as a function of the elastic moduli, fracture energy, ratio of the remote principal stresses, crack shear resistance characteristic and borehole diameter. The collapse stress as a function of crack spacing is found to have a minimum, and the correct crack spacing is determined from this minimum. For small enough diameters, the crack spacing increases as the (4/5)-power of the borehole diameter, while for large enough diameters a constant spacing is approached. In contrast to plastic solutions, the breakout stress exhibits a size effect, such that for small enough diameters the breakout stress decreases as the (? 2/5)-power of the borehole diameter, while for large enough diameters a constant limiting value is approached. Finally, some numerical estimates are given and the validity of various simplifying assumptions made is discussed.     

Energetic solar electrons in the interplanetary medium

ISEE-3 measurements extending down to 2 keV energy have provided a new perspective on energetic solar electrons in the interplanetary medium. Impulsive solar electron events are observed, on average, several times a day near solar maximum, with 40% detected only below 15 keV. The electron energy spectra have a nearly power-law shape extending smoothly down to 2 keV, indicating that the origin of these events is high in the corona. These coronal flare-like events often produced ³He-rich particle events.In large solar flares which accelerate electrons and ions to relativistic energies, the electron spectrum appears to be modified by a second acceleration which results in a double power-law shape above 10 keV with a break near 100 keV and flattening from 10–100 keV. Large flares result in long-lived (many days) streams of outflowing electrons which dominate the interplanetary fluxes at low energies. Even in the absence of solar activity, significant fluxes of low energy electrons flow out from the Sun.Solar type-III radio bursts are produced by the escaping 2–10² keV electrons through a beam-plasma instability. The detailed ISEE-3 measurements show that electron plasma waves are generated by the bump-on-tail distribution created by the faster electrons running ahead of the slower ones. These plasma waves appear to be converted into radio emission by nonlinear wave-wave interactions.     

9711号北上台风演变及暴雨过程的位涡诊断分析

通过对 971 1号台风登陆北上穿过山东造成山东特大暴雨过程的湿位涡的分析 ,并从湿位涡的角度研究了台风演变及山东特大暴雨的形成机制 ,揭示了冷空气在台风演变及暴雨过程中的重要作用。结果表明 :倾斜涡度发展是暴雨产生和台风加强的重要机制之一 ,暴雨产生在 θe线陡立密集区内 ;湿位涡在这次暴雨过程中对流层低层具有 MPV1 <0 ,MPV2 >0的特征 ,此次暴雨产生在负的MPV1等值线密集区中 ;对流层上部及平流层下部高位涡的下传使得低层斜压性增大 ,引起低层的对流稳定度减小 ,促使气旋性涡度发展 ,有利于位势不稳定能量的释放 ,使得暴雨增幅 ,导致台风的加强并演变为温带气旋。     

A STUDY OF THE DISTRIBUTION OF RECENT OSTRACOD FAUNAS FROM COASTAL AREAS OF THE EAST CHINA AND YELLOW SEAS

A total of 91 species belonging to 57 genera were recovered from the coastal areas of the north East China Sea ana the south Yellow Sea, of which, 42 species of 30 genera were collected alive. The biocoenoses of estuaries, supralittoral and eulittoral zones are dominated by orackish and euryhaline species, of which Albileberis sheyangensis, A. sinensis, Leptocythere ventriclivosa, Loxoconcha ocellata, Sinocytheridea latiotata and S. longa are ubiquitous; Propontocypris euryhalina, Spinileberis furuyaensis and S. pulchra are restricted to the supralittoral zone; Neomonoceratina crispata and Pontocythere lit-toralis are only present in the eulittoral zone. The community structure of these biocoenoses is generally marked by low snecies diversity (H(S) and 5) and high incidence and dominance. Among the environmental factors investigated, it was found that salinity was the most important in controlling the distribution of living ostracods, and high-energy hydrodynamic condition was the main cause of the grea     

LZY1—1型光电浊度仪

本文介绍了LZY_(1-1)型光电浊度仪的设计原理,标定方法及使用结果,该仪器用经典法校准后,能快速测量大批量样品的悬浮物含量。     

Paraconchoecia diacanthus n. sp., a new species of planktonic Ostracoda

Ｐａｒａｃｏｎｃｈｏｅｃｉａｄｉａｃａｎｔｈｕｓｎ．ｓｐ．,ａｎｅｗｓｐｅｃｉｅｓｏｆｐｌａｎｋｔｏｎｉｃＯｓｔｒａｃｏｄａ￥ＣｈｅｎＲｕｉｘｉａｎｇａｎｄＬｉｎＪｉｎｇｈｏｎｇ（ＲｅｃｅｉｖｅｄＡｐｒｉｌ１６,１９９３１ａｃｃｅｐｔｅｄＪｕｌｙ２０...     

Interfacial geochemistry of barium in suspension and sediment from Zhujiang Estuary

Chemical forms of Ba are determined in samples of suspension and sediment from the Zhujiang Estuary. Their interfacial geochemical processes are discussed. Total suspended Ba content is between 2. 4 and 40. 4 μg/L, and mostly exists in the crystalline form (43. 5%), secondly in the Fe-Mn oxidative form (23.1%). Percentages of organic, carbonate and exchangeable forms are 14. 8%, 11. l%and 7.4%, respectively. Total content of Ba in the sediment is between 158. 6 and 48. 0 ug/g. Percentages of crystalline form, Fe-Mn oxidative form and carbonate form are 78. 4% ,13. 5%and 8. 2%, respectively. Organic and exchangeable forms are not detected. The study on the mechanism of interfacial movement suggests that the salinity range of 10 is the turning point for the varied distribution of Ba. The subsidence of crystalline form affects the decrease of Ba content in suspension. The decrease mostly takes place in the salinity range lower than 10, which corresponds to the high value of Ba content in the sediment. The     

On the recovery of surface wave by pressure transfer function

Except the commonly selected pressure transfer function derived from the linear wave theory, a previous study on the pressure transfer function for recovering surface wave from underwater pressure transducer suggested that the pressure transfer function is a function of frequency parameter only. With careful analysis, this study showed that the pressure transfer function should include a transducer submergence parameter as that given by the linear theory. It was found that the previously suggested empirical formula should be restricted to measurements with the pressure transducer close to the surface; otherwise overestimation of wave height would result. Field measurements were carried out with an acoustic wave gauge and a synchronized pressure transducer located at various depths with submergence parameter close to 1 (near the sea floor). It was shown that the previous one-parameter empirical formula might overestimate the significant wave height by more than 30%. This study found that with deep-water wave bursts excluded, the transfer function based on the linear wave theory provided a fairly good estimation on the significant wave heights, with an average deviation of 3.6%.     

基于分块分形编码的多姿态、表情人脸图像检索

利用图像分形编码中定义域块和最小均方误差一一对应的特点，提出了1种基于分形编码的多姿态、表情的人脸图像检索方法。该方法将待检索图像分割为相同大小的值域块，然后将每一值域块按给定的定义域块进行分形编码，得到最小均方误差，计算该最小均方误差与图像库中最小均方误差的欧氏距离。将待检索图像所有值域块的欧氏距离求平均，此平均欧氏距离较小的几幅图像即为检索出的图像。实验证明该方法能够准确地检索出图像库中存储的同一人的不同姿态、表情的图像。     

基于EMD与神经网络的机械故障诊断技术

经验模式分解 (EMD)是分析非线性、非平稳信号的有力工具 ,它将信号分解为突出了原信号的不同时间尺度的局部特征信息的内在模函数 (IMF)分量。本文通过将各 IMF分量输入到 BP网络中进行训练学习和故障诊断 ,比直接输入原信号可以提高 BP网络对故障诊断的准确率 ,而且减少了训练时间。