水系沉积物测量发现新疆乌恰县吾合沙鲁中型铜矿

正1研究目的(Objective)新疆乌恰县吾合沙鲁地区位于塔里木盆地西缘,区域上发育重要的砂砾岩型铜铅锌-天青石-铀-煤成矿系统,已分布有乌拉根超大型砂砾岩型铅锌矿、萨热克大型砂砾岩型铜矿、萨哈尔铜矿、花园铜矿、杨叶铜矿、杨树沟铜矿、吾东—伊日库勒铜矿等典型矿床,具有十分独特的砂砾岩型铜铅锌矿     

青藏高原中部典型下垫面活动层水热动态及其热扩散率研究

多年冻土活动层, 尤其是浅层土壤的水热传输机制, 以及冻融过程的时空异质性是研究地-气间能水交换的关键。利用位于青藏高原中部的唐古拉和通天河两个活动层观测场2013年的土壤温度和水分数据, 比较了不同下垫面浅层土壤日冻融循环过程的差异, 以及不同冻融阶段的地温日变化及热扩散率特征。结果表明： 根据一日之内地温的正负波动, 浅层土壤的冻融过程可以划分为解冻期、 完全融化期、 始冻期和完全冻结期四个时期, 其中解冻期和始冻期统称为日冻融循环发生期。解冻期的持续天数和深度明显高于始冻期, 高寒草原的日冻融循环天数和发生深度明显高于高寒草甸。浅层土壤（0 ~ 20 cm）日地温变化普遍呈现明显的正弦波动趋势, 且不同冻融阶段的振幅差异较大, 由于相变的缘故, 解冻期的日地温变化振幅最小。高寒草甸的日地温振幅显著低于高寒草原, 说明日地温动态与土壤质地和土壤水分密切相关, 植被作为热绝缘层, 减弱了地温对气温波动的响应。地表下5 ~ 10 cm的热扩散率显著大于10 ~ 20 cm深度, 且5 - 10月融化季的热扩散率显著大于冻结季。热传导对流方程可以描述多年冻土区典型下垫面在季节冻融循环周期内不同月份的水分迁移方向。     

玉米净作和间作植株间光强的时空分布(英文)

作物多样性种植能够有效减少病虫危害,显著增加产量,但其中的机理尚不清楚。太阳辐射是最重要的影响因子之一。本试验研究了玉米净作(A)及玉米/大豆2:2(B,2行玉米2行大豆)和2:4(C,2行玉米4行大豆)两种间作模式下,玉米冠层内太阳辐射强度的时空变化。研究结果表明,多样性种植可在不同高度上对玉米植株间的受光强度和受光时间产生明显影响。在玉米穗期,相比净作,在30cm高度上,B和C模式下光强都超过了2倍,在70cm高度上,光强超过10倍。花粒期,在110、160和210cm位置上,相比净作,B和C模式下光强分别提高了5倍、2倍和12%,而且随着测量高度的下降,间作模式下光强下降较为缓慢。从第7–18叶,相比净作,各叶位间作模式下光强平均增加2倍,而且日有效辐射时间平均提高了5小时。此外,玉米的一些生物学性状,如千粒重、每株产量和穗位叶叶面积等也表现出间作B和C模式都显著高于净作。因此,间作提高了玉米的受光强度和有效辐射时间,是改善玉米生物学性状的重要因子。     

Modeling the hook depth distribution of pelagic longlining in the equatorial area of Indian Ocean

A survey was conducted in the equatorial area of Indian Ocean for a better understanding of the dynamics of hook depth distribution of pelagic longline fishery.We determined the relationship between hook depth and vertical shear of current coefficiency,wind speed,hook position code,sine of wind angle,sine of angle of attack and weight of messenger weight.We identified the hook depth models by the analysis of covariance with a general linear model.The results showed that the wind effect on the hook depth can be ignored from October to November in the survey area;the surface current effect on the hook depth can be ignored;the equatorial undercurrent is the key factor for the hook depth in Indian Ocean;and there is a negative correlation between the hook depth and vertical shear of current and angle of attack.It was also found that the deeper the hook was set,the higher hook depth shoaling was.The proposed model improves the accuracy of the prediction of hook depth,which can be used to estimate the vertical distribution of pelagic fish in water column.     

Structural geology and tectonics in marine science: Perspectives in the research of deep sea and deep interior

The fields of structural geology and tectonics have witnessed great progress over the last decade and are poised for further expansion in the future. One of the significant breakthroughs is the establishment of the ’Beyond Plate Tectonics Theory’ where a combination of conceptual models and numerical modeling on plume tectonics and plate tectonics has enabled new insights into the structural and tectonic architecture and processes in the deep interior and deep sea. This paper synthesizes developments of structural geology and tectonics from a macroscopic perspective in deep interior and deep sea. Four key techniques are also reviewed: satellite altimetry for surface structures in deep-sea multi-beam sea-floor mapping; tomography for tectonics of the deep interior; diverse modeling approaches and software for unfolding dynamic evolution; and techniques for HT/HP experiments on material rheology and in situ component measurements.     

山东平邑盆地晚白垩世-古新世生物地层及白垩系/古近系界线研究

在白垩纪与古近纪之交,全球发生了恐龙等生物大灭绝和哺乳动物兴起的重大事件,白垩系与古近系界线（KPB）研究受到了高度关注。为了寻找更好更连续更典型的非海相KPB剖面,提高非海相KPB研究程度,笔者在平邑盆地开展了大量的地质调查、剖面测量、科学钻探和系统的样品采集、测试分析等工作,遴选出了国内少有的具有KPB的碳酸盐岩湖相沉积的典型剖面。通过对大量古生物化石的分析鉴定,在卞桥组一段下亚段建立了1个轮藻组合： Festiella anluensi- Microchara cristata- Chara yuntaishanensis var acuta ;1个介形类组合： Talicypridea reticulata- Mongolocypris distributa- - Ziziphocypris simakovi- Frambocythere tumiensis ferreri ;1个孢粉组合： Ulmipollenites + Ulmoideipites- Rugubivesiculites- Schizaeoisporites 。在卞桥组一段上亚段建立了1个轮藻组合： Peckichara zhijiangensis- Gyrogona wubaoensis- Stephanochara huangjianensis- Peckichara varians ;1个介形类组合： Paracandona euplectella- Sinodarwinula guangzhuangensis- Cypridea cellularia ;1个孢粉组合： Deltoidospora- Ephedripites- Parcisporites parvisaccus- Ulmipollenites minor 。根据化石组合特征将白垩系与古近系的界线确定在卞桥组一段内部。通过本次研究,理清了平邑盆地晚白垩世—古新世的生物组合,对研究KPB附近的生物群演化规律,恢复平邑盆地古气候、古地理、古生态以及碳酸盐湖盆的演化规律等具有非常重要的意义。     

Processes of the displacement field change of the 2009 April 6 M W6.3 L’Aquila earthquake using persistent scatterer and small baseline methods

Using a time series method that combines both the persistent scatterer and small baseline approaches, we analyzed 9 scenes Envisat ASAR data over the L’Aquila earthquake, and obtained a Shocke’s displacement field and its evolution processes. The results show that: (1) Envisat ASAR clearly detected the whole processes of displacement field of the L’Aquila earthquake, and distinct variations at different stages of the displacement field. (2) Pre-seismic creep displacement → displacement mutation when faulting → constantly slowed down after the earthquake. (3) The area of the strongest deformation and ground rupture was a low-lying oval depression region to the southeast. Surface faulting within a zone of about 22 km × 14 km, with an orientation of 135°, occurred along the NW-striking and SW-dipping Paganica-S. Demetrio normal fault. (4) In analyzing an area of about 54 km × 59 km, bounded by north–south axis to the epicenter, the displacement field has significant characteristics of a watershed: westward of the epicenter shows uplift with maximum of 130 mm in line-of-sight (LOS), and east of the epicenter was a region with 220 mm of maximum subsidence in the LOS, concentrating on the rupture zone, the majority of which formed in the course of faulting and subsequence.     

变尺度混沌优化算法在二密滑坡锚固方案优化设计中的应用

滑坡治理是一个复杂的非线性问题,影响因素众多,各个因素之间相互制约。传统滑坡支护治理方案存在不同程度的浪费,有必要进行方案细部结构的优化设计。基于退火策略变尺度混沌优化算法,对二密滑坡锚固支护方案的锚索结构进行细部优化设计。针对锚固方案,选取锚索布设道数、锚索水平间距、锚索钢绞线根数、锚索锚固角、锚固孔径5个因素作为优化设计变量,以工程造价作为优化目标,同时保证滑坡稳定安全,进行方案优化分析。经过优化后的设计方案造价比规范法设计方案的造价减少33.17%,并且采用优化的支护方案锚固后的滑坡体稳定系数提高,潜在滑动面稳定系数提高3.31％。经过比较分析,混沌优化设计方案更加科学、合理、经济、安全。     

南北地震带南北段地震迁移现象

对1990年以来南北地震带南段发生的Ms5．0以上地震和北段发生的慨4．5以上地震的迁移现象进行分析。结果表明,在南北地震带南、北段发生的中强地震具有呼应现象,且呈现一定规律,即大致以30°N线为基线对称分布。通过对震源机制的对比分析,发现南段和北段的地震类型不一致,可能与不同的地质构造和作用力有关。     

南海北部新生代盆地群构造特征及其成因

南海北部陆缘自西向东分布有北部湾、琼东南、珠江口和台西南等新生代盆地。前人认为这些盆地是华南大陆东南缘裂解直至南海北部被动陆缘形成过程中逐渐形成的,但大量地震剖面揭示,南海北缘主控盆断裂倾向陆地,与典型的被动陆缘的主断裂倾向海盆的特征明显不符。因而,南海北部陆架盆地成因显然不是被动大陆边缘的Mckenzie伸展机制。为此,基于大量陆地调查和海域地震剖面资料的对比,揭示了南海北部陆缘至少在34Ma之前不是被动大陆边缘,早期陆缘断裂十分发育,主控断层为NE—NNE走向,和陆地同期走滑断层具有连续性。这些NNE—NE向断裂右行右阶走滑控制了拉分盆地内的EW或NEE方向的次级断裂,并控制了盆地内部近EW向的次级构造单元展布。因此,新生代南海北部陆缘的一系列盆地是动力学成因上具有密切联系的右行右阶拉分盆地群。这个拉分成因模式与南海北部陆缘新生代盆地内部沉积沉降中心迁移、构造跃迁、岩浆展布等特征非常一致。而南海北部真正成为典型被动大陆边缘的时间是在15Ma之后,但此时南海却停止了扩张,而且大约在10～5Ma由于菲律宾海板块沿吕宋岛弧-台湾造山带逐步楔入欧亚板块导致最后的弥散性NWW向断裂切割南海北部所有构造。从盆地动力学考虑,南海北部陆架盆地的成因主要与太平洋板块的动力学联系较为紧密。