Pollution history and recovery of a boreal lake exposed to a heavy bleached pulping effluent load

We examined the effects of heavy pulp mill discharges on the Lake Lievestuoreenjärvi ecosystem and the later recovery of diatom and chironomid communities from age-dated short core samples. Beginning in 1927 the lake received a heavy effluent load from a sulphite pulp mill. Except for the recession during the Second World War and the temporary closure of the mill from 1967 to 1971, the industrial load, containing large quantities of nutrients, organic matter and toxic compounds, increased continuously. In the early 1980s, laboratory documents were falsified by the directors of the mill and the systematic illegal effluent overload led to a collapse of the whole lake ecosystem. In 1985, the outdated plant was finally closed down. Based on the assessment of chemical properties and biological remains of the sediment, we distinguished five developmental phases in the ecological state of the lake. In the pre-industrial phase, the pelagic and profundal benthic communities were dominated by species preferring ultraoligotrophic or oligotrophic lakes. Concomitant with the increasing discharge and deposition of chlorine compounds, resin acids, and mercury, as well as strong acidity and hypolimnetic and epilimnetic anoxia, the ecological status changed in a short period from excellent to bad. Finally, in the early 1960s, the majority of the lake was virtually dead and the aquatic life survived only in the uppermost littoral zone. Since 1985, a fast recovery in the water quality has led to a strong, but temporary eutrophy in pelagic communities. The main peak of eutrophication was caused by the invasion of a species new to the lake,Aulacoseira granulata var.angustissima. Later, the pelagic communities shifted towards oligotrophy, but the original, pre-industrial status has not been re-established. The profundal benthic communities have not achieved the pre-industrial structure, but at present indicate mesotrophy.     

亚、欧两大洲自然地理环境结构的整体性和差异性教学初探

地理环境的结构，是指地理环境各组成要素之间和各组成部分之间相互关系性质的组合，它包括既有联系、又有区别的两个方面，即地理环境结构的整体性和差异性。笔者在亚、欧两洲自然地理数年的教学实践中，从自然环境结构的整体性和差异性特征入手，得出分析、综合、概括归纳和对比研究等方法是学习世界区域地理的主要方法。     

松辽盆地古龙凹陷青山口组生排烃扩张微米孔/缝的发现及其意义

笔者等通过电子背散射、二次成像和能谱分析,结合薄片和反射显微镜观察,发现松辽盆地古龙凹陷青山口组页岩中发育了大量由生排烃扩张形成的微米孔和微米缝。生排烃高压扩张微米孔的特点有：①一般只发育在超高压的页岩油储层中;②一般只发育在黏土质长英页岩中,纯黏土岩少见;③多为近圆形或半圆形,直径多在0. 5 μm到数微米,一般1~2 μm,最大可达8 μm;④孔缘一般为以绿泥石为主的黏土,形成不连续的圈环;圈环上缘的黏土多呈弧形或眉状,绿泥石化明显,在背散射图像中呈亮色;⑤孔内多有自生的纳米级葡萄状或豆渣状黏土,是构成封存油气的物质基础;⑥生排烃高压扩张微米孔可以组合成4种类型：即垂向联结成垂直的排烃烟囱型、垂向联结成倾斜的排烃烟囱型、水平联结成顺层的排烃管型和竖面上联结成更大的片状大孔型。排烃烟囱直或微曲,直立或倾斜;宽1~3 μm,最宽可达200 μm;高十几到30 μm,最大可达1500 μm;顶部多与顺层微米缝（或毫米缝）联结,是排烃烟囱的最终泄压和泄油气的总库;生排烃扩张微米孔孔隙度变化大,面孔率一般在5%~6%,局部面孔率最高可达39. 66%。生排烃高压扩张微米缝的特点有：①一般只发育在超高压的页岩油储层中;②一般只发育在黏土质长英页岩中,纯黏土岩少见;③多以顺页理为主的微米缝为主;④略曲的张性缝,多呈锯齿状,绕过刚性矿物;⑤宽度多在0. 5 μm到数十微米;最宽可达150 μm;⑥多与黄铁矿、白云石、磷灰石等自生矿物伴生;⑦多与生排烃扩张微米孔和排烃烟囱相连。生排烃扩张微米孔缝的形成动力主要有两种：一种是烃类流体的高压扩张力;第二种是烃类流体的化学溶蚀力。笔者等计算了形成这种生排烃微米孔和微米缝的压力,形成生排烃扩张微米孔从1500 m的44. 74 MPa到2500 m深的74. 81 MPa;形成生排烃扩张微米缝的排烃压力稍大,在相同深度比形成生排烃扩张微米孔大3 MPa。生排烃扩张微米孔缝与其他孔缝相连构成了一个储运网络,使储层的储集能力和渗透性大幅增加,是可动用储量的主要贡献者,为古龙页岩油的开发创造了有利条件。生排烃扩张微米孔缝的发现对于古龙页岩油的勘探开发具有重要意义,同时对于页岩油储层的研究具有启发作用。     

闽北东坑火山盆地白垩纪火山—侵入杂岩的岩石成因与金成矿

火山岩和侵入岩是许多浅成低温热液型金矿床成矿物质和流体的重要来源。中生代时期华南陆块经历了强烈的岩浆—热液活动,在中国东南沿海地区形成了大量的火山—侵入杂岩和浅成低温热液金矿。本文选取该区研究程度较低的闽北政和县东坑火山盆地为研究对象,利用岩相学、年代学、全岩地球化学、Sr—Nd—Hf同位素等方法,来探讨该火山盆地中火山岩和侵入岩的成因联系、岩浆演化过程以及它们与盆地内同时期金矿的关系。东坑火山盆地由多种岩性的火山岩和空间上与其密切共生的浅成侵入相花岗斑岩、石英二长斑岩,以及携带暗色微粒包体的花岗岩脉组成。LA- ICP- MS锆石U- Pb定年显示,东坑的火山岩和侵入岩均形成于白垩纪（101. 0±0. 9~97. 3±1. 2 Ma）,其全岩Sr—Nd同位素组成较均一\[n（87Sr）/ n（86Sr）\]i=0. 7085~0. 7104;εNd(t)= -8. 83~ -7. 34,但锆石Hf同位素组成变化范围较大εHf(t)= -14. 0~3. 3。岩石地球化学特征显示,该盆地火山—侵入杂岩为富碱、富钾的准铝—弱过铝质岩石,这些岩石具有连续线性变化的主量元素特征、右倾的稀土配分曲线、弱至中等的Eu负异常（Eu/Eu* =0. 19~0. 83）、较高的氧逸度（lgfO2=-17. 44~-4. 18）以及大离子亲石元素Rb、K、Pb富集,高场强元素Nb、Ta、Ti亏损的特征。综合年代学及岩石地球化学特征,认为东坑火山盆地中的火山—侵入杂岩是在古太平洋板块俯冲后撤的伸展构造背景下,幔源岩浆上涌促使地壳源岩发生重新熔融并与之混合,不断演化,最终侵位于地壳浅表的产物。岩浆的源区组成、结晶分异和高氧逸度条件等共同造就了该盆地及周围同时期金的成矿。     

莒县长岭镇整合矿产资源促进矿业经济可持续发展

日照市莒县长岭镇走规模化、集约化经营之路,使该镇一度陷入低谷的砖瓦产业重新焕发生机,一度外流的投资业户重新归来。截至目前,全镇砖瓦厂已发展到30余处,形成年消耗页岩粘土60万m3,年产砖瓦4.2亿片(块)的生产能力。产品畅销省内外,甚至国外,年产值过亿元,仅此一项税收就占全     

NCAR绘图软件在Windows下的编程

介绍了NCAR绘图软件在Windows下的编程方法和具体实现，解决了在科研绘图工作中遇到的一些实际问题，对在Windows下编程的静态链接和动态链接进行了分析和研究，为Fortran编程员提供了在Windows下编程的基础。     

海水入侵水化学指标及侵染程度评价研究

选择Ｃｌ＾,Ｍ、Ｂｒ＾－,ｒＨＣＯ３／ｒＣｌ及ＳＡＲ５项水化学要素作为综合判断海水入侵的指标：染程度划分为４级;确定了各项指标入程度的等级范围。入侵程度的衡理采用模糊数学综合判模型。     

基于审查回归模型的公众气象服务支付意愿影响因素分析——以无锡、武汉和西安为例

采用审查回归模型,分别选取了中国东、中、西部的三个典型城市无锡、武汉和西安,计算了三城市受访者的支付意愿值,并对其影响因素进行了分析。结果表明：（1）支付意愿值与地区经济发展水平直接相关。无锡、武汉和西安受访者的支付意愿分别为21.68,17.15和10.07元/年;（2）年龄越长者,由于其天气知识更丰富、日常消费较节俭,对气象服务的支付意愿越低;（3）文化程度越高者,更能理解和支持气象服务事业,对气象服务的支付意愿越高;（4）月收入变量对气象服务的支付意愿有显著影响,但就不同城市的受访者而言,影响的方向并不一致。     

河南省近年来遥感监测的森林火灾时空分布规律分析

森林火灾作为一种自然灾害,其发生原因不仅来自于自然因素,从众多的火灾调查中发现,更多地来自于人类活动因素,其发生的时空分布特点和规律,受自然和人类活动共同影响.对2003-2008年春、冬季(11月-次年4月)河南省森林防火期内遥感监测并已查明的森林火灾进行统计分析,结果发现:河南省森林火灾近年来有逐年增多的趋势;冬、春之交的3月为森林火灾的高发月份;从火灾的日变化规律来看,12-15时为一天中森林火灾的高发时段;从火灾发生的空间分布来看,伏牛山南麓发生森林火灾的频率较高.     

Seasonal change in body length of important small copepods and relationship with environmental factors in Jiaozhou Bay,China

Differences among species in prosome length and in species’ response to environmental factors do exist. Therefore, it is useful to examine prosome length for different copepod species in variable environments. Seasonal variations in prosome length of four small copepods and their copepodite stages in the Jiaozhou Bay were compared and the relative influence of temperature, salinity, and chlorophyll concentration were examined. Two peaks were found in the mean prosome length of Paracalanus parvus (in early winter and May). For Acartia bifilosa, the maximum values of all copepodites occurred mainly from February to April, and decreased to the bottom in July. Prosome length of Acartia pacifica peaked when it first appeared in June, then reached to the minimum in July. Parvocalanus crassirostris only appeared from late summer to autumn and the mean prosome length showed no clear changes. Correlations of adult prosome length with environmental factors were evaluated. For the four species, temperature was negatively correlated to prosome length except for P. crassirostris. But the different species varied markedly in their responds to temperature. A. bifilosa showed a more definite trend of size variation with temperature than P. parvus and A. pacifica. Correlations of prosome length with salinity were significantly positive for almost all the small copepods. The relationship between chlorophyll concentration and prosome length was complicated for these copepods, but for P. parvus, chlorophyll concentration was also an important affecting factor. Furthermore, investigation needs to be done on food quality for some copepod. These results are essential to estimate the biomass and the production, and to understand these small copepods’ population dynamics in this human-affected bay.