川南地区龙马溪组页岩有机质特征及其对页岩含气量的影响

四川盆地南部地区广泛发育下古生界寒武系、志留系等多套海相页岩层,其中龙马溪组是该区页岩气勘探开发的重点目标层。根据钻井岩心资料,通过有机碳、热解、碳同位素、等温吸附等地球化学实验分析,对川南地区下志留统龙马溪组页岩的有机质特征及其对页岩含气量的影响进行了研究。结果表明,川南地区龙马溪组页岩有机碳含量较高(平均1.53%),有机质类型较好(Ⅰ型和Ⅱ1型),热演化程度高(Ro为1.94%~2.42%),且页岩含气量较高(平均1.85m3/t)。页岩有机质特征是影响页岩含气量的主要因素,有机质丰度、有机质类型和热演化程度三者共同决定了川南地区龙马溪组页岩的含气量。     

Geological characteristics and tectonic signifcance of unconformities in Mesoproterozoic successions in the northern margin of the North China Block

Several stratigraphic breaks and unconformities exist in the Mesoproterozoic successions in the northern margin of the North China Block.Geologic characters and spatial distributions of fve of these unconformities,which have resulted from different geological processes,have been studied.The unconformity beneath the Dahongyu Formation is interpreted as a breakup unconformity,representing the time of transition from continental rift to passive continental margin.The unconformities beneath the Gaoyuzhuang and the Yangzhuang formations are considered to be the consequence of regional eustatic fuctuations,leading to the exposure of highlands in passive margins during low sea-level stands and transgressive deposition on coastal regions during high sea-level stands.The unconformity atop the Tieling Formation might be caused by uplift due to contractional deformation in a back-arc setting,whereas the uplift after the deposition of the Xiamaling Formation might be attributed to a continental collision event.It is assumed that the occurrences of these unconformities in the Mesoproterozoic successions in the northern margin of the North China Block had a close bearing on the assemblage and breakup of the Columbia and Rodinia supercontinents.     

Investigating soil thermodynamic parameters of the active layer on the northern Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau

The soil thermodynamic parameters, including thermal conductivity, diffusivity and volumetric capacity within the active layer on the northern Tibetan Plateau, were calculated using the measured data of soil temperature gradient, heat flux, and moisture at four stations from October 2003 to September 2004. The results showed that the soil thermodynamic parameters exhibited clear seasonal fluctuation. The thermal conductivity and diffusivity in summer and autumn at Beiluhe, Kexinling, and Tongtianhe were larger than those in winter. The volumetric thermal capacity causes an opposite change; it was larger in autumn and winter than in summer. In spring, the soil thermal conductivity at the Kekexili station was larger than that in summer. Generally, fine-grained soils and lower saturation degrees in the topsoil might be a reason for the lower soil thermal conductivity in winter. For a given soil, soil moisture was the main factor influencing the thermodynamic parameters. The unfrozen water content that existed in frozen soils greatly affected the soil thermal conductivity, whose contribution rate was estimated to be 55 %. The thermodynamic parameters of frozen soils could be expressed as a function of soil temperature, volumetric ice content and soil salinity, while for the unfrozen ground the soil moisture content is the dominant factor for those thermal parameters. As for the soil thermal diffusivity, there exists a critical value of soil moisture content. When the soil moisture content becomes less than a critical value, the soil thermal diffusivity increases as the soil moisture content rises.     

The calculation of mine water yield using the non-continuous flow theory

Large amounts of groundwater are discharged during underground mining operations. As a result, the drawdown of groundwater, known as aquifer dewatering, is common in mining areas. Because of variability in permeability between different media in mines, mine drainage occurs primarily as non-continuous flow. However, calculations of mine water yield are usually made based on the continuous flow theory, and therefore often produce erroneous results. This study predicts the water yield of a mine using the module MODFLOW and incorporating the non-continuous flow theory into the calculation. Using this method, the predicted water yield of a mine was approximately 50 % lower than that predicted using the continuous flow theory. The model also demonstrates that the rate of mine drainage varies over time; there is initially a decrease in the rate of drainage which gradually approaches a constant value. Double level flow occurs when there is non-continuous flow in continuous media, which can effectively minimize the influence of mine drainage on upper aquifers and relieve the conflict between groundwater supply and drainage in the mining area.     

Anisotropic shear strength characteristics of a tailings sand

The deposition process of tailings in a tailings dam may lead to the anisotropy of mechanical properties of tailings. To investigate the anisotropic shear strength characteristics of a tailings sand, samples deposited under gravity were sheared in a modified direct shear apparatus along different orientations of the shear planes relative to the bedding plane. The experimental results reveal that the anisotropy has a substantial effect on the peak shear strength of the tailings sand, leading to a variation in peak friction angle of 10°. It is found that the effect of anisotropy on the peak shear strength of the tailings sand is mainly attributed to the effect of anisotropy on soil dilatancy. On the other hand, the effect of anisotropy on the residual friction angle of the tailing sand is relatively smaller, likely due to the partial erasure of anisotropy at large shear deformation. The degree of anisotropy is reduced by an increase in normal stress. To achieve more accurate stability analysis of tailings dams, it is suggested to take into account the shear strength anisotropy of tailings soils.     

Seawater intrusion and coastal aquifer management in China: a review

Seawater intrusion has been an important topic in hydrogeology in China in recent decades. The rapid growth of the population and economy in the coastal regions has been consuming a tremendous amount of groundwater resources and has increased the extent of seawater intrusion. The spatial discrepancy of water resource distribution has caused the studies of seawater intrusion into China to mainly be concentrated on the area around the Bohai Sea in the northern part of China. The total area of seawater-intruded land due to excessive groundwater utilization in the area was estimated to be approximately 2,457 km² in 2003. Great efforts have been made to mitigate the extent of seawater intrusion and to secure more freshwater resources, including building monitoring networks, subsurface barrier and groundwater reservoirs, and artificial infiltration facilities. Management projects over the years were evaluated to satisfy the objectives and to provide valuable experiences for future research and planning. It is expected that the coastal groundwater conditions of the northern region will improve through the development of a national water resource plan, such as the ongoing south-to-north water diversion project.     

Modeling the risk of nitrate leaching and nitrate runoff loss from intensive farmland in the Baiyangdian Basin of the North China Plain

The water movement and soil nitrogen cycle of the Baiyangdian Basin were simulated, and the risk of nitrate leaching and nitrate runoff loss from intensive farmland was assessed by using the distributed hydrological soil and water assessment tool (SWAT) in this study. The model assessment showed that SWAT was able to simulate water and nitrate movement in the region with satisfactory results. The modeling analysis indicated that fertilizer application was the overriding source of soil nitrogen and might result in a large amount of nitrate accumulation in soils; this nitrate might be lost by leaching or runoff driven by water movement. In 2009, nitrate nitrogen leaching represented 19.5 % of the total amount of nitrogen fertilizer application, while nitrate nitrogen runoff represented 1.7 % only. Thus, it showed that the nitrate leaching was the main approach of soil nitrogen movement in farmland because of strong percolation. It also showed a significant variation of nitrate leaching from different soil depths, with the largest amount leached from surface soil layers and the smallest amount leached from lower soil layers. Therefore, it could be further revealed that the nitrate concentration was very low at soil layers lower than the root zone of crops (1.2 m). Validated by groundwater observations, groundwater pollution by nitrate derived from fertilizers was not serious because of the deep groundwater level in the study plain. However, the risk of groundwater pollution would increase significantly if precipitation increased.     

Impact of impoundment on groundwater seepage in the Three Gorges Dam in China based on CFCs and stable isotopes

It is a common concern that the groundwater flow field caused by the Three Gorges Dam changes the regional seismic activity and environment. The changes in the seepage region could be effectively reflected through the analysis of the groundwater age using chlorofluorocarbons (CFC)-based techniques. In this study, the influences of the reservoir water on groundwater and the seepage region boundary of the reservoir were investigated using CFCs, stable isotopes, and water level in groundwater, reservoir water, and spring water during the water storage process of the Three Gorges Reservoir. The results show that the water supplied by the groundwater is older, whereas the water supplied by the reservoir and the springs is younger. With an increase in the water level of the reservoir, the water in well W3, which is located at the vice dam of the head region, becomes older due to the reservoir loading effect, whereas the water in well W4 become younger due to the lateral seepage of reservoir water. This finding indicates that the groundwater seepage regions in wells W3 and W4, which are located at upstream of the reservoir, are all influenced by the Three Gorges Reservoir. In contrast, the sampling points in the northern section of the Xiannvshan fault zone, which is farther from the dam, did not exhibit any direct hydraulic connection between the groundwater and the reservoir water; thus, the reservoir seepage effects may not affect the northern part of the Xiannvshan fault zone. These research results provide important reference data that can be used to analyze the effects of the Three Gorges reservoir storage on the regional environment.     

汉江流域硫铁矿区厚子河支流水质评价研究

为查明厚子河不同区域河水受硫铁矿污染的程度,在厚子河支流4个典型河流断面采集水样,开展水质全分析测试,并采用单因子评价法和综合水质标识指数法进行评价分析。研究结果表明: (1)运用单因子评价法对硫铁矿区厚子河水质评价的结果无差异,均为劣Ⅴ类水; 而运用综合水质标识指数法的评价结果显示,距离硫铁矿开采区由近及远的4个断面HZ001、HZ002、HZ003、HZ004的综合水质标识指数逐渐下降,水质类别分别为劣Ⅴ类且黑臭、劣Ⅴ类但不黑臭、Ⅳ类、Ⅲ类,符合现场调查的实际情况,能够反映距离污染源越远时河水水质趋好的总体态势; (2)综合水质标识指数法不仅可以客观反映同一河流各个断面所处的综合水质类别、同一水质类别中受污染的不同程度以及与水环境功能区类别的比较结果,而且能够实现对劣V类水质污染程度的精细划分,相较于单因子评价法更加客观、科学、全面,适用于矿山开采等重污染区域河流断面水质污染情况的研判。     

基于地层结构组合的第四纪地质单元划分研究——以皖江经济带沿江丘陵平原区为例

为支撑地质条件复杂地区的水文地质、工程地质和环境地质调查研究,在皖江经济带沿江丘陵平原区通过系统分析第四纪地层的岩性、结构、构造等组合,以地貌以及第四系成因、沉积相和沉积物物源为指标,结合已有区域第四纪研究成果以及年代地层和岩石地层划分标准,进行皖江沿江丘陵平原区“第四纪地质单元”划分,共划分出冲积-湖积平原地质单元、洪积-坡积岗地地质单元和残积-剥蚀丘陵地质单元3个一级地质单元,总结了7种类型第四纪地层结构组合及其特征,为区域水文地质和工程地质调查与研究奠定了基础。