L'origine des saumures dans les roches sédimentaires de l'écorce terrestre

Résumé Les eaux salées dans les roches sédimentaires de l'écorce terrestre se trouvent universellement à diverses profondeures; de peu profondes à de considérables. Sur le sujet de leur origine on a fondé beaucoup d'hypothèses. On peut les diviser en trois groupes: sédimentaire, d'infiltration et endogénique. La plus repandue est la première, d'après laquelle toutes les eaux salées qui se trouvent dans les roches de provenance marine sont sédimentaires et métamorphisées et synchroniques avec les roches.L'auteur à la base de longues études faites sur les saumures de la Pologne et d'autres régions se servant d'une analyse des conditions paléohydrogéologiques, est venu à la conclusion que dans la formation de ces eaux le processus d'infiltration est d'une grande importance. D'après lui dans les roches sédimentaires de la croûte terrestre existaient d'une part des régions où ont préponderé les processus sédimentaires de la formation des saumures souterraines (les régions des plateformes récentes) et d'autre part celles où ont dominés les processus de l'infiltration des eaux superficielles salées (les régions orogéniques et dans une grande part celles d'anciennes plateformes). Dans la formation des saumures on attribue donc une grande signification aux conditions tectoniques qui existaient dans les époques géologiques particulières et ont déterminé la paléohydrodynamique dans les régions définies.

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Salt waters in the sedimentary rocks of the earthcrust generally occur at various depths ranging from shallow to considerably deep. Their origin is subject of many hypotheses which can be divided into three groups: hypotheses suggesting sedimentary, infiltration, and endogenic origin. The most widespread is the first one according to which all salt waters occurring in rocks of marine origin are metamorphosed, sedimentary marine waters synchronogenic with the rocks.On the basis of many years' studies of the brines of Poland and other regions by means of paleohydrological analysis, the author concludes that in the formation of these waters processes of infiltration had great importance. According to his opinion, in the sedimentary rocks of the earthcrust two types of areas exist: areas in which the sedimentary formation of subsurface brines prevailed (areas of recent platforms), and others in which infiltration of superficial salt waters dominated (orogenic areas and, to a large extent, the areas of ancient platforms). Therefore, in the formation of brines great significance is attributed to the tectonic conditions of particular geological periods which in turn determined the paleohydrodynamic of the area.

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Zusammenfassung Die salzhaltigen WÄsser in den sedimentÄren Gesteinen der Erdkruste befinden sich allgemein in verschiedenen Tiefen. über ihre Herkunft gibt es viele Hypothesen, die man in drei Gruppen teilen kann: sedimentÄre Entstehung, Infiltration oder endogene Zufuhr. Am meisten ist die erste Ansicht verbreitet: nach ihr sollen alle salzhaltigen WÄsser, die sich in den Gesteinen mariner Herkunft befinden, als sedimentÄre und metamorphe MeerwÄsser gedeutet werden und gleich alt mit den Gesteinen sein.Der Verfasser kommt nach vieljÄhrigen Forschungen in den Solen Polens und anderer Gebiete auf Grund einer palÄohydrogeologischen Analyse zu dem Schlu\, da\ in der Entstehung dieser WÄsser die Infiltrationsprozesse eine gro\e Bedeutung hatten. Seiner Meinung nach befinden sich in den sedimentÄren Gesteinen der Erdkruste auf der einen Seite Serien, in denen die unterirdischen Solen wÄhrend der Sedimentationsprozesse entstanden sind — in rezenten Plattformgebieten -, auf der anderen Seite Gesteine, die die Sole wÄhrend Infiltrationsprozessen von salzhaltigen OberflÄchenwÄssern erhalten haben — bevorzugt in orogenen Gebieten und in gro\em Ma\e auf alten Plattformen. Man sieht also, da\ für die Soleherkunft die tektonischen Bedingungen der einzelnen geologischen Perioden gro\e Bedeutung haben, weil sie die PalÄohydrodynamik der bestimmten Gebiete vorgezeichnet haben.

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Classification of landslides and other mass movements

Summary This paper presents a new universal classification of slope movements, destined for the purpose of engineering geological mapping. This classification was compiled after critical evaluation of the classifications used by now, on the basis of the experience gained by systematic study of slope movements in Czechoslovakia.The following 4 types of slope processes are recognized regarding to the geomechanical character and velocity of the movement: creep, sliding, flow and fall. Creep is a geologically long-term movement of non-increasing velocity without well-defined sliding surfaces. Sliding is a slope movement of coherent masses along one or more well-defined shear surfaces. Flow represents slope movements in rocks and soils, analogous to the movements in liquids. Fall is a sudden slope movement; the moving mass loses its coherence and, for a short time, also its contact with the underlying rock.The pictures show the elementary types of movements that are obvious in the European climatic conditions. Graphical representation of dimensions and velocity of the phenomena is included.

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Zusammenfassung Die vorgeschlagene Klassifikation geht zurück auf systematische Untersuchungen an Rutschgebieten in der SSR. Sie lehnt sich an die besten gebräuchlichen Klassifikationen an, wobei letztere einer kritischen Beurteilung unterzogen werden. Ziel des neuen Vorschlages ist die Erarbeitung von Kriterien für die ingenieurgeologische Kartierung.Auf Grund des geomechanischen Charakters der Bodenbewegungen werden folgende vier Vorgänge unterschieden: Kriechen — geologisch langandauernde, nicht beschleunigte Bewegungen ohne ausgeprägte Gleitflächen; Gleiten — Hangbewegungen zusammenhängender Massen längs einer oder mehrerer Gleitflächen; Fließen — Hangbewegungen von flüssigkeitsähnlichem Charakter; Fallen — plötzliche Hangbewegungen, wobei die bewegte Masse den inneren Zusammenhang und kurzfristig auch den Kontakt mit dem Liegenden verliert.Die Grundtypen werden an Hand europäischer Beispiele graphisch dargestellt und durch Angaben über Größenordnung der Massen und deren durchschnittliche Geschwindigkeit ergänzt.

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Résumé D'après les expériences acquises pendant les études de glissements en Tchécoslovaquie et d'après l'examen critique des classifications employées jusqu'ici, on a recommendé la classification suivante, destinée avant tout au levé de géologie de l'ingénieur.En relation avec le caractère géomécanique des mouvements de pente et de leur vitesse, quatre processus sont distingués: fluage, glissement, écoulement, écroulement. Le fluage — mouvements géologiquement de longue durée, sans accélération et sans surfaces de glissement exprimées. Le glissement — mouvements de pente de masses cohérentes, le long d'une ou de plusieurs surfaces de glissement. L'écoulement — mouvements de pente dans les roches et les sols, analogues aux mouvements dans les liquides. L'écroulement — mouvements de pente soudains, au cours desquelles les masses en mouvement perdent entièrement leur connexion intérieure et, pour un temps aussi, le contact avec le sous-sol.Les exemples sur les figures représentent les types principaux des mouvements courants dans les conditions climatiques de l'Europe. On indique aussi les dimensions et la vitesse moyenne des types individuels.

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With 4 Figures     

近40年西藏怒江河谷盆地的气候特征及变化趋势

利用1971-2008年西藏怒江流域9个气象站逐月平均气温、平均最高气温、平均最低气温、降水量、日照时数等资料,分析了近40a怒江流域年、季气象要素的变化趋势.并计算讨论了变化趋势与经纬度、海拔高度的相关.结果表明:近40a流域年平均气温以0.26℃/10a的速率显著升高,增暖趋势比中国东北和西北弱.比淮河和华南强,与青藏高原相近.最高气温和最低气温都出现了增高的趋势,年平均气温日较差表现为一致的减小趋势,为-0.13-0.57℃/10a:年降水量以21.O mm/10a的速宰显著增加,各季降水均呈现增加趋势;年日照时数平均每10年减少31.7 h,以夏季减幅最突出.减幅比黄河流域、青藏高原东侧大;地温升高明显.流域上游季节性冻土最大冻结深度呈显著变浅趋势,以安多最明显.日照时数与降水量负相关显著.与夏、秋季大气水汽压呈显著的负相关;大部分站点日照时数的减少,与大气水汽压的显著增加和降水量的增多关系密切.总云量与日较差存在显著负相关.与夏季降水量呈显著正相关,相对湿度的变化不是总云量减少的主要原因.随着纬度的增加和海拔高度的上升,年平均气温升温幅度在加大,年降水量增幅也增大.日照时数的变化趋势仅与经度有着很好的正相关,随着经度的增加,冬季和夏季日照时数的减幅都在减小.     

Comparison of the geophysical excitations of polar motion from the period: 1980.0–2009.0

In this study we compared contributions to polar motion excitation determined separately from each of three kinds of geophysical data: atmospheric pressure, equivalent water height estimated from hydrological models, and harmonic coefficients of the Earth gravity field obtained from Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE). Hydrological excitation function (Hydrological Angular Momentum — HAM) has been estimated from models of global hydrology, based on the observed distribution of surfacewater, snow, ice, and soil moisture. In our considerationwe used several global models of land hydrosphere and models ofAtmospheric Angular Momentum (AAM) and Oceanic Angular Momentum (OAM). All of themwere compared with observed Geodetic Angular Momentum (GAM). The spectra of the following excitation functions of polar motion: GAM, AAM+OAM, AAM+OAM+HAM, GAM-AAM-OAM residual geodetic excitation function, and HAM were computed too. The time variable spectra of geodetic, gravimetric, and the sum of atmospheric, oceanic, and hydrological excitation functions are also presented. Phasor diagrams of the seasonal components of polar motion excitation functions of all HAM excitation functions as well as of two GRACE solutions: Center for Space Research (CSR), Centre National d’Etudes Spatiales/Groupe de Recherche en Geodesie Spatiale (CNES/GRGS) were determined and discussed.     

PGE distribution in massive sulfides from the P<Emphasis Type="SmallCaps">ACMANUS</Emphasis> hydrothermal field,eastern Manus basin,Papua New Guinea: implications for PGE enrichment in some ancient volcanogenic massive sulfide deposits

The distribution of platinum group elements (PGE) in Cu- and Zn-rich samples from the Roman Ruins and Satanic Mills vent sites in the PACMANUS hydrothermal field (Papua New Guinea) was studied and compared to that from selected ancient volcanogenic massive sulfide (VMS) deposits. Samples from the Satanic Mills site are enriched in Pd and Rh when compared to samples from Roman Ruins and reach highest values in active and inactive Cu-rich black smoker chimneys and chalcopyrite-cemented dacite breccias (up to 356 ppb Pd and up to 145 ppb Rh). A significant positive correlation was established between Cu and Pd and Rh in samples from both vent sites. Comparisons of chondrite normalized patterns and values of Pd/Pt and Pd/Ir ratios in Cu-rich sulfides and probable source rocks (felsic volcanic rocks/MORB) along with the evidence for a magmatic component in the PACMANUS hydrothermal system indicate that leaching of back-arc volcanic rocks together with addition of magmatic volatiles to the convecting hydrothermal system was the most important factor for PGE enrichment at PACMANUS and likely at some PGE-enriched ancient VMS deposits.An erratum to this article can be found at Editorial handling: B. Lehmann     

PGE distribution in massive sulfide deposits of the Iberian Pyrite Belt

We present the first platinum group elements (PGE) data on seven massive sulfide deposits in the Iberian Pyrite Belt (IPB), one of the world largest massive sulfide provinces. Some of these deposits can contain significant PGE values. The highest PGE values were identified in the Cu-rich stockwork ores of the Aguas Teñidas Este (Σ PGE 350 ppb) and the Neves Corvo (Σ PGE 203 ppb) deposits. Chondrite normalized PGE patterns and Pd/Pt and Pd/Ir ratios in the IPB massive, and stockwork ores are consistent with the leaching of the PGE from the underlying rock sequence.     

Galaxy formation from tepid inflation

It is argued that the primordial density fluctuations needed for galaxy formation may have been of thermal origin in a quasi-exponential state of inflation.     

Reversible control of aqueous aluminum and silica during the irreversible evolution of natural waters

Primary aluminosilicates are transformed at low temperature into a sequence of metastable and thermodynamically stable secondary minerals by an irreversible process. The aqueous concentrations in the associated solution may continuously change during the process or they may be maintained constant through hydrodynamic or chemical steady-state mechanisms or through chemical equilibrium with a reversible metastable solid.Disequilibrium indices calculated for 152 natural waters and experimental solutions show that the solutions are unsaturated with amorphous aluminum hydroxide, microcrystalline gibbsite, amorphous silica and amorphous aluminosilicate, and they are supersaturated with gibbsite and kaolinite. The disequilibrium index for halloysite varies widely from unsaturation to supersaturation.Only the index for the reversible metastable cryptocrystalline aluminosilicate whose composition is pH dependent is very close to zero indicating saturation. The index varies in a narrow range. This, supported by electron micrographs and the results of X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy presented by other authors, suggests that this metastable solid, and not the secondary aluminosilicate minerals, controls the concentrations of alumina and silica in natural waters.