APPLICATION OF DEM GENERATION TECHNOLOGY FROM HIGH RESOLUTION SATELLITE IMAGE IN QUANTITATIVE ACTIVE TECTONICS STUDY: A CASE STUDY OF FAULT SCARPS IN THE SOUTHERN MARGIN OF KUMISHI BASIN

Traditional method to generate Digital Elevation Model (DEM)through topographic map and topographic measurement has weak points such as low efficiency, long operating time and small range. The emergence of DEM-generation technology from high resolution satellite image provides a new method for rapid acquisition of large terrain and geomorphic data, which greatly improves the efficiency of data acquisition. This method costs lower compared with LiDAR (Light Detection and Ranging), has large coverage compared with SfM (Structure from Motion). However, there is still lack of report on whether the accuracy of DEM generated from stereo-imagery satisfies the quantitative research of active tectonics. This research is based on LPS (Leica Photogrammetry Suit)software platform, using Worldview-2 panchromatic stereo-imagery as data source, selecting Kumishi Basin in eastern Tianshan Mountains with little vegetation as study area. We generated 0.5m resolution DEM of 5-km swath along the newly discovered rupture zone at the south of Kumishi Basin, measured the height of fault scarps on different levels of alluvial fans based on the DEM, then compared with the scarp height measured by differential GPS survey in the field to analyze the accuracy of the extracted DEM. The results show that the elevation difference between the topographic profiles derived from the extracted DEM and surveyed by differential GPS ranges from -2.82 to 4.87m. The shape of the fault scarp can be finely depicted and the deviation is 0.30m after elevation correction. The accuracy of measuring the height of fault scarps can reach 0.22m, which meets the need of high-precision quantitative research of active tectonics. It provides great convenience for rapidly obtaining fine geometry, profiles morphology, vertical dislocations of fault and important reference for sites selection for trench excavation, slip rate, and samples. This method has broad prospects in the study of active tectonics.     

PALEOSEISMOLOGICAL RESEARCH ON THE LANGSHAN RANGE-FRONT FAULT,HETAO AREA,CHINA: INSIGHTS FOR STUDIES ON TECTONICS AND SEISMIC RISK

The Langshan range-front fault (LRF)is a Holocene active normal fault that bounds the Langshan Mountain and Hetao Basin at the northwest corner of the Ordos Plateau. Paleoseismic trenching research at three sites, Dongshen Village trench (TC1), Qingshan trench (TC2)and Wulanhashao trench (TC3)from north to south was performed in this study to reveal the seismic hazard risk in Hetao Basin. The paleoevents ED1, ED2, ED3 from TC1 can be constrained to have occurred (6±1.3)ka, (9.6±2)ka and (19.7±4.2)ka respectively, while the paleoevent EQ1 from TC2 occurred about (6.7±0.1)ka and the paleoevents EW1, EW2, EW3 at TC3 took place about (2.3±0.4)ka, (6±1)ka and before 7ka respectively. In combination with paleoseismic results of previous researchers, the Holocene earthquake sequence of the LRF could be established as 2.3~2.43ka BP (E1), 4.41~3.06ka BP (E2), 6.71~6.8ka BP (E3), 7.6~9.81ka BP (E4), and (19.7±4.2)ka BP (E5). Although the possibility of missing events cannot totally be ruled out, based on the analysis on faulted geomorphology at Wulanhashao site, we argue the paleoearthquake history of the LRF during Holocene may be complete with an average recurrent interval about 2500 yrs. The apparent displacements associated with events E1, E3 and E4 are significantly larger than that of event, E2, that suggests that they might be great events with magnitudes 7.5 to even over 8 that ruptured the entire LRF, while the event E2 may be a smaller event that only ruptured a segment of the fault. The magnitude of event E2 might be about M7. This poses a significant seismic hazard to the area of the Linhe depression in the western Hetao graben region. With the further limitation of previous radiocarbon dating result near our trench site at Wulanhashao, the slip rate at Wulanhashao should be not smaller than, but close to 0.66mm/a since 15ka BP. And the slip rate at Qingshan site is supposed to be about 1.4~1.6mm/a since 6.8ka BP. Both our combined most recent paleoseismic cognition and current tectonic geomorphologic research results supports to reveal that the Langshan range-front fault now is an unsegmented fault, preferring to rupture the whole fault in a surface-rupture event. Considering the most recent event E1 and fault slip rate obtained above, the accumulated strain on the LRF could be estimated as about 1.52~3.94m. Given the ~2500a recurrent interval, we argue that the elapsed time since last major quake, E1, is approaching or even over the recurrence, and the seismic risk for another major quake is imminent, at least cannot be ignored.     

郯庐断裂带及其邻区上地幔顶部Pn波速度与各向异性层析成像

本研究拾取了中国数字测震台网固定台站记录的2008-2016年2级以上地震事件中的27233条高质量Pn到时资料,反演得到了郯庐断裂带及其邻区上地幔顶部Pn波速度和各向异性结构模型.结果显示,研究区上地幔顶部Pn波速度结构存在强烈的横向不均匀性,速度异常形态与区域地质构造较为吻合.太行山造山带、鲁西隆起、大别造山带、苏鲁褶皱带、胶辽隆起和华北盆地南端等隆起区表现为低波速异常,而黄海北、南部盆地、渤海湾和华北盆地北部等凹陷区均为高波速异常.壳内强震主要发生在Pn低波速异常和高低波速异常的横向过渡地带,说明强震的发生与上地幔结构的横向变化之间存在有一定关联.郯庐断裂带两侧Pn波速度以郯城地震为界其东北侧和西南侧分别分布有与断裂带近平行的低波速异常条带,而西北侧和东南侧分别分布有高波速异常条带,各向异性快波方向近乎沿断裂带走向,可能由于上地幔热物质沿郯庐断裂带上涌形成低速异常后断裂带发生左旋平移运动所致.华北盆地内上地幔顶部Pn波速度结构和各向异性的明显变化,反映华北克拉通破坏过程中经历了地幔热物质上涌、莫霍面隆升以及岩石圈拆沉等复杂构造变形.     

热带浅水湖泊后生浮游动物群落结构对生态修复的响应

热带浅水湖泊后生浮游动物群落以轮虫和小型枝角类为主,往往缺乏大型浮游动物,其影响因子还存在争议,因此通过减少鱼类,提高大型后生浮游动物密度,从而增强对浮游植物的下行控制、修复热带富营养化湖泊的方法受到质疑.暨大南湖位于广州暨南大学校园内,是热带富营养化浅水湖泊,于2014年1—2月实施以鱼类去除和水生植被重建为主的生态系统修复工程,以期改善水质.通过对南湖修复前后水质、后生浮游动物以及修复后鱼类群落的调查分析,研究了后生浮游动物群落对修复的响应.结果表明:与修复前相比,总氮、总磷和叶绿素a浓度显著降低,透明度显著上升.枝角类丰度和生物量显著增加,修复后初期出现较高密度的大型枝角类蚤状溞(Daphnia pulex),桡足类丰度和生物量没有显著变化,轮虫丰度下降而生物量上升;后生浮游动物体长和生物多样性显著增加.随着鱼类密度的增加,蚤状溞丰度快速降低,后期鱼类减少后蚤状溞丰度又有所升高.因此,本研究显示鱼类是控制热带浅水湖泊大型浮游动物种群的主要因素,由于控制鱼类密度以维持较高大型浮游动物密度较为困难,因此单纯生物操纵在热带浅水湖泊修复中难以取得显著效果.     

温度、光照强度及硝酸盐对拟柱孢藻(Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii N8)生长的影响

以从南亚热带水库中分离的拟柱孢藻(Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii N8)为材料,研究了不同温度(12、16、20、24、28、32℃)、光照强度(6.6、12.4、21.5、30.7、62.9、106.4μmol/(m²·s))和硝态氮浓度(0.5、1、2、4、8、16、32、64、128 mg/L)下拟柱孢藻的生长特性.结果表明:在实验设置的温度范围(16~32℃)内拟柱孢藻能够正常生长;最适温度范围为24~28℃,在28℃条件下,具有最大比生长速率,为0.189 d^-1;当温度为12℃时,拟柱孢藻叶绿素a浓度一直降低,显著低于其他温度组(16~32℃).在6.6~106.4μmol/(m²·s)光照强度范围内,拟柱孢藻均呈指数增长趋势,最适光照强度为30.7μmol/(m²·s),其比生长速率达到最大值,为0.156 d^-1;高光照强度(62.9~106.4μmol/(m²·s))下拟柱孢藻的比生长速率显著大于低光照强度(6.6~12.4μmol/(m²·s))处理组.拟柱孢藻开始指数增长的最低硝态氮浓度为4 mg/L;硝态氮浓度为8 mg/L时,拟柱孢藻达到最大比生长速率(0.155 d^-1);当硝态氮浓度高于16 mg/L时比生长速率增加不显著.高硝态氮浓度组(16~128 mg/L)拟柱孢藻的叶绿素a浓度和比生长速率显著高于低硝态氮浓度组(0.5~2 mg/L).研究结果说明拟柱孢藻对温度、光照和氮源均有较宽的生态位,有利于在较大空间尺度上进行扩散.     

地磁钩扰的全球响应特征研究与初步统计结果

地磁钩扰是太阳耀斑效应的直观表现之一,其研究有助于深入理解太阳爆发对地球空间环境的影响过程,并能为空间天气建模和预报提供科学依据.本文利用山东大学威海地磁台和Intermagnet地磁链与子午工程的地磁观测数据,联合GOES卫星及数字测高仪等的数据,研究了一个由M5.6级太阳耀斑引发的地磁钩扰事件的全球响应特征.研究发现：地磁钩扰特征呈现出南北半球与午前/午后的差异,且地磁响应相对于太阳耀斑存在约3 min的滞后现象,而夜侧无明显扰动;利用位于日侧的50余个地磁台站的数据统计分析后发现地磁钩扰幅度呈现正态分布,且在当地时正午附近达到峰值;利用地磁数据反演出钩扰发生时电离层的电流体系S_s和宁静日电流S_q,并用该电流体系解释了此事件中地磁数据的变化特征.另外,本文初步统计了1996-2015年的地磁钩扰事件数以及相关的太阳耀斑事件数,分析后发现X级耀斑引发地磁钩扰的可能性最大,达42%,由M级耀斑引发的地磁钩扰事件数最多,A、B、C级等小耀斑引发地磁钩扰的可能性很小.     

北京平原区西北部大地热流与深部地温分布特征

北京平原区蕴藏着丰富的中-低温水热型地热资源,其西北部分布着小汤山地热田和京西北地热田,两大地热田以南口—孙河断裂带为界.地热田及其外围地区基础的地热地质研究工作较少.为给地热学研究和地热资源精细勘探提供科学依据,本文基于前人23眼钻孔的温度测量数据以及近期完成的548件热导率和100件放射性生热率实测数据,研究了区域大地热流和0~4 km深部地温特征.结果表明：（1）研究区现今地温梯度为11.31~94.89℃·km^-1,平均值为31.79℃·km^-1;岩石热导率为0.895~5.111 W·（m·K）^-1,放射性生热率为0.257~2.305 μW·m^-3,大地热流为48.1~99.1 mW·m^-2,平均值为68.3 mW·m^-2,热流的分布受基底形态和断裂构造控制.研究区东部南口—孙河断裂带两侧小汤山和郑各庄地区为高热流异常区,中部马池口地区也存在局部高热流异常区.（2）在南口—孙河断裂带的不同位置,不同深度地层温度差异明显,体现出区域现今地温场不只受控于该活动断裂,更是多期次构造事件复合叠加的结果.（3）南口—孙河断裂带南侧存在两处有意义的较高地温异常区,分别为郑各庄异常区和马池口异常区,其中马池口异常区是未来地热开发利用有一定潜力的地区.     

肾脏占位双能量CT实质期单能量图像特点的研究

目的:研究肾脏占位实质期不同水平单能量图像质量,寻找显示肾脏实性占位单能量图像的最佳keV。方法:收集在我院医学影像科行泌尿系双能量CT增强检查20例患者的临床资料及影像数据。利用实质期低能量（80kVp）与高能量（Sn 140kVp）图像后处理出40～120keV总共9组单能量图像。采用客观评价及主观评价方法对图像质量进行评估,通过客观评价分别计算出显示肾脏实性占位最高CNR和SNR单能量图像,然后与权重因子为0.5（M=0.5）的线性融合图像进行比较。主观评价由两名有经验的医学影像科医师进行评估。记录设备上提供的辐射剂量参数CTDI_vol,并计算SSDE。结果:入选肾脏单能量图像的病例数20例（男性13例,女性7例）,CTDI_vol均值为（11.54±4.09）mGy,SSDE为（14.86±3.97）mGy。客观评价:单能量图像CNR值最高是在60keV,SNR值最高是在70keV,分别高于线性融合图像（M=0.5）,差异均具有显著统计学意义（P<0.05）。主观评价:70keV组单能量图像与线性融合图像（M=0.5）在整体图像质量及病变细节显示差异均无显著统计学意义（P>0.05）。结论:肾脏实性占位实质期单能量图像最高CNR及SNR值分别为60keV及70keV,均高于线性融合图像,然而单能量的整体图像质量及病变细节评估与线性融合图像相类似。      

近断层脉冲型地震动时频非平稳特性的影响

通过分频带子波划分方法对所选脉冲型地震动进行分解,在保留脉冲主特性不变的情况下,通过人为改造得到时频分布不同的系列脉冲型地震动,作用于不同周期SDOF体系得到最大位移响应,结果表明:脉冲型地震动对结构影响较大,除了受脉冲特性的影响外,其时频非平稳特性的影响作用同样值得关注。     

重大地震震后伤员伤情特点综合分析

通过在Medline、PubMed、Embase、Cochrane、知网以及万方医学期刊等数据库中进行检索,回顾性地分析了近20年内全世界发生的几次重大地震震后伤员的致伤原因、受伤部位以及受伤类型等伤情信息;经统计得到了震后伤员的致伤原因、受伤部位、受伤类型等相关数据;并以这些数据为样本,分别对各种致伤原因、受伤部位、受伤类型的震后伤员数量分布进行比较。最终得出结论:震后伤员的主要致伤原因为塌落物体导致的击砸、跌倒坠落以及挤压掩埋;主要受伤部位为四肢,且以下肢为主;受伤类型中以四肢骨折居多,全身的软组织损伤也比较常见。除此之外,笔者还对震后伤员普遍的受伤模式以及伤情的动态演化过程进行了探讨,以期为今后的震后救援行动和医疗资源的分配提供一定的参考。