近50年疏勒河流域山区的气候变化及其对出山径流的影响

利用祁连山区水文站和气象站的观测数据,分析了近50年河西走廊西部疏勒河流域山区的气候变化及其对出山径流的影响。结果表明,受全球变暖的影响,疏勒河山区气候持续向暖湿转化,且各季气温均呈持续的上升趋势,山区降水量总体上亦呈增加趋势,年际波动比较剧烈。在各季降水量中,除夏季外其他各季降水量的增加比较显著,海拔3 000m以上中高山地带夏季降水量变化不大,3 000m以下中低山地带夏季降水量略有减少。受山区降水,尤其是3 000m以下中低山地带的降水量显著增加与气温上升所引起的冰雪融水补给的影响,疏勒河出山径流呈持续的增加趋势。由于夏季降水量并未增加,在年径流总量中所占比重最大的夏季径流量的增加主要是由于气温上升所引起的冰雪融水补给的增加所致。     

拉萨市空气含氧量变化研究

对拉萨市空气含氧量进行了研究,分析了该值的日变化、逐日变化,并结合气象因子分析了可能导致该变化的原因。结果表明:拉萨市含氧量一天内有明显的峰值和谷值;含氧量变化与相对湿度显著负相关,与温度、气压不能通过相关性检验;与海平面地区含氧量相比,拉萨市含氧量变化不大;含氧量与每立方米空气中氧气的质量没有直接关系,不能用来衡量空气中氧气的绝对含量。      

近40 a西藏那曲当惹雍错湖泊面积变化遥感分析

西藏著名圣湖之一的当惹雍错,是藏北高原腹地内陆封闭大湖,对湖泊面积变化的长时间序列研究较少,本文通过高分辨率陆地资源卫星Landsat TM/ETM+数据源,利用遥感和地理信息系统软件,通过人工目视解译方法对1977-2014年当惹雍错湖泊面积变化进行系统分析,并结合流域临近气象站资料,流域冰川等辅助数据对其湖泊面积变化原因进行综合分析.结果表明,1977-2014年当惹雍错湖泊平均面积为835.75 km~2,1977-2014年湖泊面积总体呈上升趋势,1970s湖泊平均面积为829.15 km~2,1980s和1990s湖泊平均面积分别为827.50和826.42 km~2,2000年之后湖泊面积明显增加,2000s湖泊平均面积与1970s相比,增幅为8.04 km~2.当惹雍错湖泊空间变化特点是,位于最大河流入口处达尔果藏布的湖泊东南部扩大明显,湖泊西南部小湖1于2014年9月开始明显扩大并与当惹雍错有相连趋势;流域冰川融水是当惹雍错主要补给源,近40 a当惹雍错湖泊面积变化是在气温升高的背景下,冰川、降水量和蒸发量三者共同变化作用的结果.     

区域环境质量的层次模糊综合评价模型及应用

本文在模糊综合评判方法中引入层次分析法,对区域环境进行综合评价。在综合评判中,利用层次分析原理给各因素赋权,具有定性与定量相结合的特点。实例表明,该模型为区域环境质量综合评价提供了一条新的途径。     

Mg2B2O5晶须增强AZ91D镁基复合材料在Cl-溶液中腐蚀行为*

用电化学方法测量了Mg_2B_2O_5晶须增强AZ91D镁基复合材料在3.5%NaCl溶液中的开路电位、动电位极化曲线和交流阻抗,研究了晶须体积分数对镁合金基体耐腐蚀性能的影响,并利用SEM和XRD表征了腐蚀后复合材料表面的微观形貌和相组成。结果表明,随着Mg_2B_2O_5晶须体积分数的增加,AZ91D镁基复合材料的耐腐蚀性逐渐提高。当硼酸镁晶须的体积分数为35%时,材料的自腐蚀电位提高0.2V以上,自腐蚀流密度降低了1个数量级;SEM测试表明,复合材料表面生成了一层晶须增韧的腐蚀钝化膜,对基体起到保护作用。     

On the approximation of equatorially-trapped waves in the numerical models of ocean dynanics

Finite-differential schemes (continous in time) are studied for the shallow water equations on the equatorial -plane on the grids B and C. The B-grid spectrum is shown to be symmetrical about fourgrid interval waves. It results in the wrong sign of the group velocity in the ddomain of wavelengths less than four intervals of the grid. An analytical solution is given for the differential analogues of Kelving and Yanai waves on grid C. A conclusion is drawn on the advantage of grid, C and the necessary filtration of the high-frequency band of the spectrum for grid B, if the grid intervals are 100 km or less.Translated by Mikhail M. Trufanov     

The estimation of ocean bottom seismographs' coupling characteristics by means of microshock recordings

A transient technique was used for estimating the bottom-instrument response function in experiments with bottom seismographs (OBS) in deep ocean. The sharp mechanical impacts on bottom seismograph usually induced by bottom displacements under the instrument (microshocks) are suggested as rough analogues of the impulses for the bottom-instrument system transient calibration. It has been found that microshocks has usually sufficiently small duration to be used for coupling characteristics estimates. Test measurements have shown that in many cases this method makes it possible to distinguish spectral features characterising earthquakes and seismic noise wavetrains from those which are caused by coupling resonances of the OBS-sediment inter-face.     

A computer-aided framework for subsurface identification of white shark pigment patterns

Subsurface video footage can be used as a successful identification tool for various marine organisms; however, processing of such information has proven challenging. This study tests the use of automated software to assist with photo-identification of the great white shark Carcharodon carcharias in the region of Gansbaai, on the south coast of South Africa. A subsurface photo catalogue was created from underwater video footage. Single individuals were identified by using pigmentation patterns. From this catalogue, two images of the head for each individual were inserted into automated contour-recognition software (Interactive Individual Identification System Beta Contour 3.0). One image was used to search the database, the other served as a reference image. Identification was made by means of a contour, assigned using the software to the irregular border of grey and white on the shark's head. In total, 90 different contours were processed. The output provided ranks, where the first match would be a direct identification of the individual. The method proved to be accurate, in particular for high-quality images where 88.24% and 94.12%, respectively, were identified by two independent analysts as first match, and with all individuals identified within the top 10 matches. The inclusion of metadata improved accuracy and precision, allowing identification of even low-quality images.     

盐生植物萌发期对盐胁迫和干旱胁迫的适应研究进展

目前我国盐渍土地面积较大,尤其是青藏高原的盐渍地,常伴有干旱、半干旱的生境,导致植物不易生长,生态环境日渐恶劣,这种生态现状亟待解决。盐生植物具有一定的耐盐性和耐旱性,是改善盐渍地的首选植物,种子的活力决定了种子萌发的情况,多数学者为改善严峻的生态环境开始了盐生植物引种的研究。测定种子活力有直接方法和间接方法,大多数学者采用的是直接方法,即在实验室模拟一定条件直接测定萌发率。本文简述了盐生植物的概况、制造胁迫的主要方法以及检测种子活力的指标,综述了近年来各位学者对盐爪爪、白刺等具有代表性的22种盐生植物在种子萌发期的耐盐性以及抗旱性的相关研究,为改善盐渍地的生态环境、提升盐渍地的生产量提供了理论依据。