北京市大气可吸入颗粒物的化学成分和来源

2007年3月至2008年5月,在北京市成府路东口设立采样点,共采集监测周期为一周的PM2.5(直径小于2.5μm的大气可吸入颗粒物)样品56个,用HR-ICP-MS方法测量了15种元素的含量,并在此基础上应用主因子分析法对PM2.5中这些元素的来源进行探讨。同时,在2008年奥运会和残奥会期间开展了24h时间间隔的密集采样,特别分析了机动车限行期间细颗粒污染物的浓度特征。结果表明,2007年春季至2008年春季期间北京市大气PM2.5平均浓度为72.9μg/m3,超过美国环保局（USEPA）制定的PM2.5年平均浓度限值15μg/m3的近5倍。机动车限行期间北京成府路东口采样点大气PM2.5的平均浓度为40.7μg/m3。通过因子分析方法确定北京PM2.5的3种可能来源：①交通排放、工业排放和燃煤,特征元素为Cu、Zn、As、Sn、Sb、Cd、Pb;②本地扬尘和远源沙尘细颗粒;③可能与成土母岩风化有关的土壤颗粒的再悬浮和/或迁移,其方差贡献率分别为41.2%、31.4%和12.2%。     

二值图中测距方法的研究与实现

详述了Blob分析、模板匹配、背景估计、摄像机标定处理等二值图测距档的4种二值图测距系统的框架结构.在大量仿真实验结果基础上,分析了影响每种视觉定位系统的性能因素.针对使用模板匹配的系统,提出了改进的区域匹配算法,其复杂度低、鲁棒性高,具有实用价值.     

Can reanalysis datasets describe the persistent temperature and precipitation extremes over China?

This study analyzes the impact of anthropogenic climate change in the hydroclimatology of Senegal with a focus over the lake of Guiers basin for the middle (2041–2060) and late twenty-first century (2080–2099). To this end, high-resolution multimodel ensemble based on regional climate model experiments considering two Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP4.5 and RCP8.5) is used. The results indicate that an elevated warming, leading to substantial increase of atmospheric water demand, is projected over the whole of Senegal. In the Lake basin, these increases in potential evapotranspiration (PE) range between 10 and 25 % in the near future and for RCP4.5 while for the far future and RCP8.5, they exceed 50 %. In addition, mean precipitation unveils contrasting changes with wetter (10 to 25 % more) conditions by the middle of the century and drier conditions (more than 50 %) during the late twenty-first century. Such changes cause more/less evapotranspiration and soil moisture respectively during the two future periods. Furthermore, surface runoff shows a tendency to increase in most areas amid few locations including the Lake basin with substantial reduction. Finally, it is found that while semi-arid climates develop in the RCP4.5 scenario, generalized arid conditions prevail over the whole Senegal for RCP8.5. It is thus evident that these future climate conditions substantially threaten freshwater availability for the country and irrigated cropping over the Lake basin. Therefore, strong governmental politics are needed to help design response options to cope with the challenges posed by the projected climate change for the country.

     

Estimation of annual energy output from BCM tidal barrage and the corresponding marine environmental impact

Based on the finite-volume coastal ocean model(FVCOM),a three-dimensional numerical model FVCOM was built to simulate the ocean dynamics in pre-dam and post-dam conditions in Bachimen(BCM).The domain decomposition method,which is effective in describing the conservation of volume and non-conservation of mechanical energy in the utilization of tidal energy,was employed to estimate the theoretical tidal energy resources and developable energy resources,and to analyze the hydrodynamic effect of the tidal power station.This innovative approach has the advantage of linking physical oceanography with engineering problems.The results indicate that the theoretical annual tidal energy resources is about 2×10~8 k Wh under the influence of tidal power station;Optimized power installation is confirmed according to power generation curve from numerical analysis;the developable resources is about 38.2% of theoretical tidal energy resources with the employment of one-way electricity generation.The electricity generation time and power are 3479 hours and 2.55×10~4 KW,respectively.The power station has no effect on the tide pattern which is semi-diurnal tide in both two conditions,but the amplitudes of main constituents apparently decrease in the area near the dam,with the M_2 decreasing the most,about 62.92 cm.The tidal prism shrinks to 2.28×10~7 m~3,but can still meet the flow requirement for tidal power generation.The existence of station increases the flow rate along the waterway and enhances the residual current.There are two opposite vortexes formed on the east side beside the dam of the station,which leads to pollutants gathering.     

广西甘蔗秋旱灾害风险评估技术初步研究

为增强对广西甘蔗秋旱灾害的风险评估和应急管理能力,利用气象、植被、基础地理信息和社会经济数据,根据风险三角形理念,从广西甘蔗秋旱灾害的危险度、受灾可能性和承灾体脆弱度3个方面,选择因子构建甘蔗秋旱灾害风险评估的指标体系,采用层次分析法构造判断矩阵以确定各指标和因子的权重,构建评估模型,并计算广西甘蔗秋旱灾害风险指数,再基于GIS绘制广西甘蔗秋旱灾害风险区划,结果显示:高风险区和较高风险区主要分布在来宾和崇左等市的局部地区,低风险区主要分布在桂东南地区。利用灾情数据进行验证表明:广西甘蔗秋旱灾害风险分布与甘蔗灾情损失空间分布情况基本一致。     

Dissipation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in crop soils amended with oily sludge

Oil fields present a potential ecological risk to nearby farmland soil. Here we present a new method designed to evaluate the ability of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum) to contribute to the dissipation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), which are priority pollutants in soils contaminated by oily sludge. The influence of different doses of oily sludge on the dissipation of PAHs was studied along with individual PAH profiles in soils after different periods of plant growth. Five soil samples were artificially contaminated with different percentages of oily sludge (0 %, 5 %, 10 %, 15 % and 20 %). Winter wheat grew in the oily sludge–amended soils for 265 days. PAH content in the soils was monitored over the course of the study. The rate of PAH dissipation is related to the properties of different PAHs, period of winter wheat growth, and oily sludge application dose. Analysis for treated soils indicates that the dissipation of PAHs increased significantly over the first 212 days, followed by minimal changes over the final 53 days of treatment. In contrast, PAH dissipation slowed with increasing oily sludge application. For each PAH, the experimental results showed a significant compound-dependent trend. Winter wheat in the present study significantly enhanced the dissipation of PAHs in oily sludge–contaminated soil.     

多传感器组合导航系统的多尺度分布式滤波算法

将模型的动态系统分析与具有统计特性的多尺度信号变换方法相结合,首先将状态方程采用数据块变换的方式以得到新的状态块方程,并将量测方程表达为数据块的形式;然后将量测向量进行多层小波变换以得到新的量测向量,并结合状态块方程进行卡尔曼滤波;最后根据卡尔曼滤波结果建立多尺度分布式融合估计算法。仿真结果表明,相对于原始尺度的集中式卡尔曼滤波器及原始尺度的多尺度融合算法,本算法可明显地提高系统的滤波精度。     

锯缘青蟹围塘养殖试验

1998～ 1999年间在阳东县采用改造蟹池、水质调控、合理投饵、轮捕轮放等技术进行锯缘青蟹围塘养殖试验。结果表明 ,锯缘青蟹成活率为 70 .9% ,比 1998年提高 4 0 % ;平均产量 32 6 7kg hm2 ,比 1998年提高 12 2 .3%。 1999年与 2 0 0 0年推广养殖面积各为 10 3hm2 与 137.3hm2 ,平均产量分别为 30 5 9kg hm2 与 3132kg hm2 ,与 1998年相比分别提高 10 8.3%与 113.3%。     

铜陵地区硫化物矿床成矿过程的热传导和物质输运动力学

根据热传导和热致流体流动以及化学物质输运动力学原理，模拟和分析了铜陵地区铜金硫化物矿床成矿过程的温度场和流体动场。根据矿区温度空间分布模式和流体流线的展布模式，可以预测矿床的溶解地段和成矿物质的堆积场所。研究表明：（1）能量流和物质流是热液成矿的关键因素，而岩浆侵位带进的热是驱动流体流动的原动力；（2）侵入体的产状、不同化学性质围岩的空间分布的组合方式、围岩的孔隙度和渗透率差异等因素共同限定了成矿物质的沉淀堆积场所；（3）矿区中铁和硫主要来自五通组高孔隙度的含黄铁矿砂岩。在砂岩和灰岩之间的白云岩层强烈碎裂形成有利的成矿空间，白云岩与砂岩之间的化学位差是构成成矿化学反应发生的动力。     

南秦岭金矿成矿的几点认识

南秦岭金矿成矿的几点认识于学元，郑作平（中国科学院广州地球化学研究所，广州５１０６４０）关键词金矿床，成矿带，南秦岭秦岭地质构造极其复杂，是一个巨大的缔向构造带，也是我国重要的有色金属矿产基地。近几年来，随着对秦岭地区地质研究强度的加强，在贵重金属找...