Fluid flow impact on slope failure from 3D seismic data: a case study in the Storegga Slide

Analysis of three‐dimensional (3D) seismic data from the headwall area of the Storegga Slide on the mid‐Norwegian margin provides new insights into buried mass movements and their failure mechanisms. These mass movements are located above the Ormen Lange dome, a Tertiary dome structure, which hosts a large gas reservoir. Slope instabilities occurred as early as the start of the Plio‐Pleistocene glacial–interglacial cycles. The 3D seismic data provide geophysical evidence for gas that leaks from the reservoir and migrates upward into the shallow geosphere. Sediments with increased gas content might have liquefied during mobilization of the sliding and show different flow mechanisms than sediments containing less gas. In areas where there is no evidence for gas, the sediments remained intact. This stability is inherited by overlying strata. The distribution of gas in the shallow subsurface (<600 m) may explain the shape of the lower Storegga headwall in the Ormen Lange area.     

Herbivory-Mediated Responses of Selected Boreal Forests to Climatic Change

Recent efforts to project vegetationresponses to climatic warming have emphasized thetight linkages between climate and vegetationdistribution. Here we provide several examplesindicating that the direct effects of climatic warmingon boreal vegetation can be qualitatively differentthan the indirect effects mediated by climaticresponses of herbivores. These herbivore-mediatedvegetation responses to climatic warming will likelyvary regionally. In southern Fennoscandia, we projectthat the climatically induced changes in animalpopulations should enhance the density of spruce atthe expense of pine and broadleafed trees. In northernFennoscandia we project reduced herbivory onbroadleafed trees and increased herbivory on pine,leading to an increase in broadleafed trees and spruceand a reduction in pine. Climatic warming in interiorAlaska may reduce herbivory on broadleafed trees andincrease herbivory on evergreen spruce, thusreinforcing the impact of increased fire frequency.     

裤式拖网法校核试验和网形分析

裤式拖网法是渔具选择性研究方法之一 ,其网形和校核试验于 2 0 0 2年 1月在挪威特鲁姆瑟海湾进行。在 1 1 5～ 2 70 m的水深范围内 ,测量的裤式拖网网口的水平扩张平均为 (2 3.2 7± 0 .2 6) m,网口高度为 (6.53± 0 .1 2 ) m;右网囊对左网囊的虾渔获物重量之比为 1 .0 0± 0 .0 4 ,右网囊对左网囊的渔获物尾数之比为 1 .0 8± 0 .0 9,渔获物种类及体长频率分布相似 ,基本符合用裤式拖网法进行选择性研究的要求     

MODIS-NDVI-based mapping of the length of the growing season in northern Fennoscandia

Northern Fennoscandia is an ecologically heterogeneous region in the arctic/alpine-boreal transition area. Phenology data on birch from 13 stations and 16-day MODIS-NDVI composite satellite data with 250 m resolution for the period 2000 to 2006 were used to map the growing season. A new combined pixel-specific NDVI threshold and decision rule-based mapping method was developed to determine the onset and end of the growing season. A moderately high correlation was found between NDVI data and birch phenology data. The earliest onset of the growing season is found in the narrow strip of lowland between the mountains and the sea along the coast of northern Norway. The onset follows a clear gradient from lowland to mountain corresponding to the decreasing temperature gradient. In autumn, the yellowing of the vegetation shows a more heterogeneous pattern. The length of the growing season is between 100 and 130 days in 55% of the study area.     

Rare earth elements in some igneous rocks in the Oslo rift, Norway

Rare earth element (REE) concentrations have been determined for 27 plutonic rocks in the Permian Oslo rift, including kjelsåsite/larvikites, lardalites, nordmarkites, ekerites and Drammen granites.

The kjelsåsite/larvikites from different parts of the rift have very similar REE concentrations and must be derived from a source or sources homogeneous with respect to REE.

The genetic relations between the kjelsåsite/larvikites and the other rocks were tested by comparing observed REE enrichment factors with calculated ones based on hypothetical fractionation relations derived from petrographic mixing calculations. Several of the analyzed nordmarkites may be derived from kjelsåsitic/larvikitic parent magmas: the ekerites are closely related to the nordmarkites.     

Analytically processed Landsat TM images for visual geological interpretation in the northern Scandinavian Caledonides

The best results for lithogical mapping and mineral exploration using remote sensing have hitherto been achieved in areas with arid or semi-arid climates, residual soils and with little or no vegetation cover. This study concerns the applicability of Landsat TM data for lithological mapping in a part of the northernmost Scandinavian Caledonides, dominated by bare rock but with frequent occurrence of vegetation-covered glacial deposits. In order to efficiently use existing image enhancement methods, e.g., principal component analysis and ratios, it is important to concentrate, as far is possible, on the spectral characteristics of the bedrock within the areas to be interpreted. The statistics for the processed images are then concentrated on bare rock and spectrally similar objects like soils. Various methods for image enhancement for geological purposes are discussed, and procedures for the removal of picture elements influenced by vegetation, water, clouds, snow and deep shadows are described.