呼和浩特市花粉浓度与气象因子关系的分析

利用2003—2007年4—9月呼和浩特市本站花粉监测点的数据和内蒙古医院、内蒙古医学院附属医院2006、2007年4—9月变态反应科就诊的过敏患者皮肤试验呈阳性的病例,分析了呼和浩特市花粉的时间分布特征以及花粉症特征;并对呼市站2006—2007年4—9月每日花粉观测资料与同期气象要素气温、风速、湿度、降水量、日照时数、天空状况等进行了对应分析。分析表明:呼和浩特市花粉种类和浓度受植物种类分布、观测地点局地条件及气象条件等因子的影响;呼和浩特市近2年花粉症发病年龄集中在11～40岁之间,而且女性患者多于男性,7、8月发病人数最多,其次是5月份;过敏种类主要以艾蒿、杂草最多。     

A comprehensive framework for studying diffusion patterns of imported dengue with individual-based movement data

ABSTRACT

International communication and global cooperation have greatly accelerated the worldwide spread of dengue fever, increasing the impact of imported cases on dengue outbreaks in non-naturally endemic areas. Existing studies mostly focus on describing the quantitative relationship between imported cases and local transmission but ignore the space-time diffusion mode of imported cases under the influence of individual mobility. In this paper, we propose a comprehensive framework at a fine scale to establish the disease transmission network and a mathematical model, which constructs ‘source-sink’ links between the imported and indigenous cases on a regular grid with a spatial resolution of 1 km to explore the diffusion pattern and spatiotemporal heterogeneity of imported cases. An application to Guangzhou, China, reveals the main flow and transmission path of imported cases under the influence of human movement and identifies the spatiotemporal distribution of transmission speed according to the time lag of each source-sink link. In addition, we demonstrate that using individual-based movement data and socio-economic factors to study human mobility and imported cases can help to understand the driving forces of dengue spread. Our research provides a comprehensive framework for the analysis of early dengue transmission patterns with benefits to similar urban applications.     

乌海市灰霾天气的气候特征分析

利用乌海市1971—2009年每天4个时次（或3个时次）的常规地面观测资料和2004—2009年的空气质量状况（PM10、SO2、NO2浓度值）,统计分析了乌海市灰霾的分布特征和规律以及出现灰霾时的相对湿度、平均水平能见度、2分钟平均风速、风向特征和空气质量状况。得到：（1）乌海市1971—2009年共出现165次灰霾天气,2004年以后出现了161次,最多出现在2007年和2009年;春季出现次数最多,冬季最少;4月出现最多,1月和2月出现最少;82.4%的灰霾天气出现在08时。（2）当出现灰霾时,相对湿度在60%以下占71%,相对湿度在70%以上时绝大部分是与雾同时出现;灰霾天气出现最多风向是偏南风,最多风速是≤3.0 m.s-1。（3）2004—2006年出现灰霾时92%的空气质量出现了三级轻微或轻度污染,2007年以后出现灰霾时,在冬半年空气质量绝大部分为三级轻微或轻度污染,而在夏半年大部分空气质量为良。     

Progresses and Prospects of the Research on Soil Erosion in Karst Area of Southwest China*

The karst area of Southwest China is suffering from serious ecological and environmental problems due to soil erosion while the research on soil erosion is not sufficient. Primary achievement was systematically reviewed in this paper in three aspects: erosion characteristics, current researches about erosion on different spatial scales, and key scientific problems. Based on the review, the authors figured out the shortcomings of the existing studies and pointed out the directions on erosion study in southwest China karst region. The results showed that: ① Due to the existence of a dual structure in karst environment including ground and underground erosion, the process of runoff and sediment production on slope scale and confluence and sediment transportation processes on catchment scale were more complex under the unique geological and hydrological backgrounds; ② At present, most researches about erosion mechanism in karst area focus on slope scale and some achievements on quantitative evaluation of erosion factors have been made. Continuous data with high quality about relationship between water and sediment on catchment scale is limited. When data is scarce, river sediment data can be used as an effective way to study soil erosion intensity and spatial-temporal variation in karst area; ③ It is more reasonable to use 50 t/(km²·a) as the grading standard of soil loss tolerance than the previous grading standard of soil erosion intensity. Given the complex relationship between rocky desertification and soil erosion, more quantitative studies about the effects of rocky desertification on soil erosion are still necessary. There are different viewpoints on soil leakage definitions, leakage mechanism and leakage ratios, and new breakthroughs could be achieved by combining different methods and matching multi-scales. In conclusion, in order to further reveal soil erosion laws and establish and revise available regional soil erosion forecasting models for Southwest China karst areas, synchronous test and monitoring on slope, watershed, and channel spatial scales are urgently needed. The results can provide theoretical and technical support for promoting soil and water conservation work for the karst area of Southwest China.     

Review of River Bank Erosion Research

Riverbank erosion is a critical style of lateral channel change. It threatens the arable land, ecological environment, as well as the people’s lives and properties along the river. Through review on the research process of riverbank erosion globally, four aspects were classified and described: ①Riverbank erosion processes and mechanisms. The occurence and development of riverbank erosion is quite complicated, composed by multiple processes, which are hard to separate with each other. Therefore, the scholars have proposed a lot of theories to describe the processes. Among the theories, “Riverbank Stability Theory” has been widely recognized and developed. ②Factors of riverbank erosion. The key factors that affect riverbank erosion include hydrology conditions of the river, soil properties, geomorphology, vegetation of the river bank and meteorology. However, it should be noted that the importance of different factors in the collapse process is not equivalent and effects of the same factor on different rivers are various. ③Riverbank erosion estimation. With the tremendous improvement of quantification recently, time interval of erosion measurement is shortening continuously, while spatial scale is larger and larger. At the same time, resolution is becoming increasingly high. Erosion pin was commonly used in early studies because of its easy use and low cost, whereas remote sensing and digital photogrammetry have more advantages in modern measurement. ④Modeling of riverbank erosion. At present, the models are mainly based on the fundamental theories of hydraulics and soil mechanics, to study river bank stability. According to the review of the four aspects above, problems of recent researches and prospects of possible development in the future were discussed. The researchers should pay much attention to temporal spatial distribution of riverbank erosion first before further research. The study would be greatly helpful to the researchers for the specific river reach when choosing the proper theories as well as technologies for measurement and quantification, study the riverbank erosion through both macroscopic and microscopic views, and predict the erosion for management purpose.     

A modeling approach for assessing the effect of multiple alpine lakes in sequence on nutrient transport

The effects of a single lake on downstream water chemistry may be compounded by the presence of additional lakes within the watershed, augmenting or negating the effects of the first lake. Multiple, linked lakes are a common feature of many watersheds and these resemble reactors in series often studied in engineering. The effects of multiple lakes in series on nutrient transport are largely unexplored. We populated and calibrated a simple lake model to investigate the role of a sub-alpine lake (Bull Trout Lake (BTL), Rocky Mountains, USA) on the transport of the macronutrients during the summer of 2008. Further, we developed a sequential model in which four identical lakes (copies of the BTL model) were connected in series. All lakes in the sequence retarded the flux of nutrients, thus slowing their transport downstream. The first lake in the sequence dramatically altered stream water chemistry and served as a sink for C and P and a source of N, while additional lakes downstream became sources of C, N and P. Although additional downstream lakes resulted in important changes to water chemistry and nutrient transport, the nature of the changes were similar from Lakes 2 to 4 and the magnitude of the changes diminished with distance downstream. Our lake model served as an effective tool for assessing the nutrient budget of the lake and the hypothetical effect of multiple lakes in sequence in a landscape limnology framework.     

卫星遥感与咸阳“城市热岛”特征分析

随着气象事业的发展,大众对气象节目的日益关注,气象科普节目已越来越受到人们的欢迎。本文通过具体的事例,阐述了气象科普节目的创作思路,将气象知识与电视创作有机地结合起来。     

Erosion response to anthropogenic activity and climatic changes during the Holocene: case studies in northwestern China and southern Norway

Soil erosion assessment and prediction play critical roles in addressing problems associated with erosion control or soil conservation. The past dynamics of soil erosion can provide valuable information for us to understand the relations of soil erosion to environmental change and anthropogenic activity. The present paper has compared Holocene climatic changes in northwestern China with those in southern Norway, and investigated the past dynamics of erosion activity during the Holocene. Modern soil erosion on the Loess Plateau is a combination of the intensive natural erosion and human-induced erosion, the latter being four times greater than the former. Because of global warming and increasing human activities, climate on the Loess Plateau is becoming dryer and more unstable, causing an enhanced erosion problem and water scarcity. In the arctic-alpine region of southern Norway, however, the global warming and regional wetting caused expansion of the largest European ice cap. This has accentuated the erosion in that region, with a higher frequency of avalanches and debris flows.     

大气层结对冷锋环流的影响

利用原始方程模式讨论了不同大气层结对冷锋环流的影响及其在激发锋区中尺度强对流系统中的作用，结果表明：层结对锋区环流有非常大的影响，随层结稳定度的减小，锋区非地转越锋环流和上升运动迅速增强，锋前暖区有可能产生中尺度强对流和多重中尺度上升运动带，并有利于对称不稳定的激发；层结对冷锋环流的影响和锋区中尺度强对流系统形成的作用主要由中低层的大气层结状态决定     

不同形式的加热对冷锋环流影响的数值研究

利用原始方程模式对３种加热形式影响冷锋环流的情形作了数值计算，结果显示，大尺度凝结潜热释放对冷锋非地转环流和锋区垂直运动的影响最大，使之明显增强，它有可能在短时间内使冷锋暧区中产生强的暴雨系统，积云对流加热也能使锋面环流增强，但影响较小；感热加热增强冷锋环流，而且可能是锋区多重雨带产生的一种驱动因子。