黄土丘陵林地土壤侵蚀与土壤性质变化

以黄土丘陵子午岭土壤侵蚀和生态环境观测站1989~1998年的观测资料为基础,研究分析了林地开垦10年内土壤侵蚀与生态环境变化的相互效应关系。分析指出:林地开垦人为改变侵蚀环境,引起的人为加速侵蚀速率为自然侵蚀速率的1000倍以上;以单位降雨侵蚀力引起的侵蚀量作为衡量指标,指出林地开垦地土壤侵蚀强度随侵蚀年限增长呈递增加剧趋势;通过分析土壤物理力学性质表明,林地开垦侵蚀10年土壤粘粒和物理性粘粒比林地分别减少2.74%和3.01%,土壤向粗骨化趋势发展,>0.25 mm水稳性团粒含量减少58.7%,土壤容重增大,抗剪强度下降,抵抗径流冲刷能力减弱,造成土壤侵蚀更易发生;应用相关分析表明,>0.25 mm水稳性团粒含量的改变对土壤侵蚀强度影响最大,其偏相关系数为0.9728,其次是土壤的粗粉粒和抗剪强度,偏相关系数分别为0.8879和0.6020;分析>0.25 mm水稳性团粒含量和抗剪强度与土壤侵蚀强度关系表明,林地开垦后侵蚀1年和侵蚀7年为土壤侵蚀加剧的转折年限,说明退化的侵蚀土壤和退化的生态环境加剧了土壤侵蚀的发生和发展。     

土地覆被类型空间格局与地形因子的定量关联及其应用

以全国1∶25万土地覆被数据、全国公里网格DEM数据和县级行政区划数据为基础,首先,在国家尺度上宏观分析地形因子对土地覆被类型空间分布格局的影响,土地覆被类型空间分布宏观格局受海拔高度、坡度、地表起伏度的影响明显,而与坡向的关系并不显著;其次,以县级行政单元为统计分析样本,利用多元线性回归分析方法,在国家和区域两个尺度建立土地覆被类型面积占比与主要地形因子之间的定量模型,在6类土地覆被类型中,除草地以外,其他5类土地覆被类型的面积占比均与地形因子之间呈显著相关关系,显著性由高到低的排列顺序依次为森林、农田、荒漠、聚落和湿地水体;最后,以相关性最好的森林的空间分布为例,说明了将所建立的模型应用于栅格单元上某种土地覆被类型面积占比估算的可能性,虽然估算结果与实际情况存在差异,但总体趋势基本保持一致,特别是土地覆被类型面积占比大的区域。     

Effect of altitude and latitude on surface air temperature across the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau

The correlation between mean surface air temperature and altitude is analyzed in this paper based on the annual and monthly mean surface air temperature data from 106 weather stations over the period 1961–2003 across the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. The results show that temperature variations not only depend on altitude but also latitude, and there is a gradual decrease in temperature with the increasing altitude and latitude. The overall trend for the vertical temperature lapse rate for the whole plateau is approximately linear. Three methods, namely multivariate composite analysis, simple correlation and traditional stepwise regression, were applied to analyze these three correlations. The results assessed with the first method are well matched to those with the latter two methods. The apparent mean annual near-surface lapse rate is −4.8 °C /km and the latitudinal effect is −0.87 °C /^olatitude. In summer, the altitude influences the temperature variations more significantly with a July lapse rate of -4.3°C /km and the effect of latitude is only −0.28°C /^olatitude. In winter, the reverse happens. The temperature decrease is mainly due to the increase in latitude. The mean January lapse rate is −5.0°C /km, while the effect of latitude is −1.51°C /^olatitude. Comparative analysis for pairs of adjacent stations shows that at a small spatial scale the difference in altitude is the dominant factor affecting differences in mean annual near-surface air temperature, aided to some extent by differences of latitude. In contrast, the lapse rate in a small area is greater than the overall mean value for the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau (5 to 13°C /km). An increasing trend has been detected for the surface lapse rate with increases in altitude. The temperature difference has obvious seasonal variations, and the trends for the southern group of stations (south of 33° latitude) and for the more northerly group are opposite, mainly because of the differences in seasonal variation at low altitudes. For yearly changes, the temperature for high-altitude stations occurs earlier clearly. Temperature datasets at high altitude stations are well-correlated, and those in Nanjing were lagged for 1 year but less for contemporaneous correlations. The slope of linear trendline of temperature change for available years is clearly related to altitude, and the amplitude of temperature variation is enlarged by high altitude. The change effect in near-surface lapse rate at the varying altitude is approximately 1.0°C /km on the rate of warming over a hundred-year period.     

非线性编辑技术在电视气象节目制作中的应用

随着电视节目制作技术的发展,老百姓对电视气象节目的要求也在不断提高。本文以大洋X-9000非线性编辑系统为基础,详细讨论了非线性技术在电视气象节目制作中的各种应用方式。     

EFFECT OF SHOCK WAVES ON RILL FORMATION

Hydraulic mechanism of fill formation was studied theoretically and experimentally. It was assumed that the impact of varied boundary on overland flow results in fluctuating of water surface, and shock waves that may contribute to the formation of fills. Both theoretical derivation and laboratory experiments were used to compare the hydraulic characteristics of flows with and without shock waves. Results showed that shock waves can lead to an increase in flow depth, flow velocity, and turbulence intensity. Consequently, flow shear stress or stream energy increase dramatically and fill headcuts may occur where shock waves converge.     

呼和浩特市花粉浓度与气象因子关系的分析

利用2003—2007年4—9月呼和浩特市本站花粉监测点的数据和内蒙古医院、内蒙古医学院附属医院2006、2007年4—9月变态反应科就诊的过敏患者皮肤试验呈阳性的病例,分析了呼和浩特市花粉的时间分布特征以及花粉症特征;并对呼市站2006—2007年4—9月每日花粉观测资料与同期气象要素气温、风速、湿度、降水量、日照时数、天空状况等进行了对应分析。分析表明:呼和浩特市花粉种类和浓度受植物种类分布、观测地点局地条件及气象条件等因子的影响;呼和浩特市近2年花粉症发病年龄集中在11～40岁之间,而且女性患者多于男性,7、8月发病人数最多,其次是5月份;过敏种类主要以艾蒿、杂草最多。     

气象科技服务工作发展的初步探讨

文章以山西省气象科技服务发展历程为背景,分析了气象科技服务的现状;存在服务产品精细化程度不够、科研开发滞后、缺乏高层次复合型人才、机制不灵活等问题,针对这些问题提出了一些气象科技服务发展的初步建议。     

2005-2014年乌梁素海湖泊水质变化特征

为了确定乌梁素海湖泊水质变化特征,选取乌梁素海2005-2014年6-9月长序列的水质实测数据,分析溶解氧、化学需氧量、总氮、总磷及氟化物的年际变化特征.采用灰色模式识别模型对乌梁素海2005-2014年的水质进行评价,并结合乌梁素海的实际状况,从外源污染、入湖污染物负荷量及入湖水量3个方面对其水质变化的影响因素进行分析.结果表明：2005-2014年间,水质状况转好;除总磷外,各污染指标浓度均有不同程度的下降;灰色综合指数表明乌梁素海水质正向良性方向发展;总磷治理应成为乌梁素海污染治理的主要方面;外源污染的削减、入湖污染物负荷量的降低及入湖水量的增加是乌梁素海水质转好的主要影响因素.     

Factors affecting rill erosion of unpaved loess roads in China

This study explores factors that affect road surface erosion in a small watershed on the Loess Plateau. Global positioning system (GPS)‐assisted field surveys and geographical information system methods were applied. The results show that road surface rills in the watershed are more easily formed on main roads, which are disturbed by intensive human activities. Secondary unpaved road networks occupied the largest road surface area and contributed 49% of the total road surface rill volumes. Spatial analysis reveals that roads near residential areas or leading to other human‐disturbed land‐use types are at high risk of soil loss. In each road segment, slope gradient, road segment length and drainage area have impacts on surface rill formation and development. Among these factors, slope gradients have been verified as a controlling factor of rill erosion intensification. Both road segment length (R = 0.83, N = 82) and drainage area (R = 0.72 for road segment and 0.76 for upslope drainage areas, N = 82) significantly influence total road surface rill volumes. The interaction variable of road segment length multiplied by slope is more closely correlated with road segment soil loss than that of the independent variables alone. Linear equations composed of slope gradient, road segment length and upslope drainage area are proposed. The new equation performs much better at predicting surface soil loss from secondary road segments compared with the previous models, which have not considered upslope drainage areas. The relationships and equations from this study will be helpful for road erosion evaluation in a small watershed of the study area. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.