高混凝土面板堆石坝流变的三维有限元数值模拟

采用一种新的能模拟高围压条件的堆石料幂函数流变本构模型,对水布垭面板堆石坝进行了考虑堆石料流变特性的应力-应变仿真分析。结果表明,考虑堆石料流变特性后的坝体变形有明显的增加,坝体应力有所松弛。堆石体的流变特性使得面板的挠度有所增加,面板顺坡向和坝轴向拉应力极值有所增大。对于分期浇筑面板、分期蓄水的高混凝土面板堆石坝,选用合适的流变本构模型正确地模拟堆石体的流变特性,其结果可以为大坝填筑进度及面板分期浇筑时间的确定提供参考,对于正确地预测大坝的应力变形也具有重要意义。     

GX-1型多功能旋喷钻机及配套钻具

简介了GX-1型多功能旋喷钻机及配套钻具的结构特点和生产试验情况。结果表明,该钻机性能可靠,结构合理,适合于多种地层的成孔与旋喷施工工艺。      

新疆中天山北坡40a夏季降水量变化

对新疆中天山北坡1961-2000年夏季降水量的分布特征、变化趋势等进行了统计分析。结果表明,山区夏季降水集中,年际变化小,是进行人工增水试验和作业的理想场所。     

Estimating anisotropic aquifer parameters by artificial neural networks

In recent years, many approaches have been developed using the artificial neural networks (ANN) model incorporated with the Theis analytical solution to estimate the effective hydrological parameters for homogeneous and isotropic porous media, such as the Lin and Chen approach (ANN approach) and the principal component analysis (PCA)‐ANN approach. The above methods assume a full superimposition of the type curve and the observed drawdown and try to use the first time‐drawdown data as a match point to make a fine approximation of the effective parameters. However, using first time‐drawdown data or early time‐drawdown data does not always allow for an accurate estimation of the hydrological parameters, especially for heterogeneous and anisotropic aquifers. Therefore, this article corrects the concept of the superimposed plot by modifying the ANN approach and the PCA‐ANN approach, as well as incorporating the Papadopoulos analytical solution, to estimate the transmissivities and storage coefficient for anisotropic, homogeneous aquifers. The ANN model is trained with 4000 training sets of the well function, and tested with 1000 sets and 300 sets of synthetic time‐drawdown generated from the homogeneous and heterogeneous parameters, respectively. In situ observation data from the time‐drawdown at station Shi‐Chou on the Choushui River alluvial fan, Taiwan, is further adopted to test the applicability and reliability of the proposed methods, as well as provide a basis for comparison with the Straight‐line method and the Type‐curve method. Results suggest that both of the modified methods perform better than the original ones, and using late time‐drawdown to optimize the effective parameters is shown to be better than using early time‐drawdown. Additionally, results indicate that the modified ANN approach is better than the modified PCA‐ANN approach in terms of precision, while the efficiency of the modified PCA‐ANN approach is approximately three times better than that of the modified ANN approach. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

CO2 absorption of sandy soil induced by rainfall pulses in a desert ecosystem

Soil CO₂ flux is strongly influenced by precipitation in many ecosystem types, yet knowledge of the effects of precipitation on soil CO₂ flux in semi‐arid desert ecosystems remains insufficient, particularly for sandy soils. To address this, we investigated the response of sandy soil CO₂ flux to rainfall pulses in a desert ecosystem in northern China during August–September 2011. Significant changes (P < 0.05) were found in diel patterns of soil CO₂ flux induced by small (2.1 mm), moderate (12.4 mm) and large (19.7 mm) precipitation events. Further analysis indicated that rainfall pulses modified the response of soil CO₂ flux to soil temperature, including hysteresis between soil CO₂ flux and soil temperature, with F_s higher when T_s was increasing than when T_s was decreasing, and the linear relationship between them. Moreover, our results showed that rainfall could result in absorption of atmospheric CO₂ by soil, possibly owing to mass flow of CO₂ induced by a gradient of gas pressure between atmosphere and soil. After each precipitation event, soil CO₂ flux recovered exponentially to pre‐rainfall levels with time, with the recovery times exhibiting a positive correlation with precipitation amount. On the basis of the amounts of precipitation that occurred at our site during the measurement period (August–September), the accumulated rain‐induced carbon absorption evaluated for rainy days was 1.068 g C m^?2; this corresponds approximately to 0.5–2.1% of the net primary production of a typical desert ecosystem. Thus, our results suggest that rainfall pulses can strongly influence carbon fluxes in desert ecosystems. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Heterogeneous change patterns of water level for inland lakes in High Mountain Asia derived from multi‐mission satellite altimetry

High‐altitude inland lakes in High Mountain Asia (HMA) are key indicators to climate change and variability as a result of mostly closed watersheds and minimal disturbance by human activities. However, examination of the spatial and temporal pattern of lake changes, especially for water‐level variations, is usually limited by poor accessibility of most lakes. Recently, satellite altimeters have demonstrated their potential to monitor water level changes of terrestrial water bodies including lakes and rivers. By combining multiple satellite altimetry data provided by the Laboratoire d'Etudes en Géophysique et Océanographie Spatiales (LEGOS) and Geoscience Laser Altimeter System (GLAS) instrument on the NASA Ice, Cloud and land Elevation satellite (ICESat), this study examined water level changes of typical lakes in HMA at a longer timescale (in the 1990s and 2000s) compared with earlier studies on Tibetan lakes. Cross‐evaluation of the radar altimetry data from LEGOS and laser altimetry data from ICESat/GLAS shows that they were in good agreement in depicting inter‐annual, seasonal and abrupt changes of lake level. The long‐term altimetry measurements reveal that water‐level changes of the 18 lakes showed remarkable spatial and temporal patterns that were characterized by different trends, onsets of rapid rises and magnitudes of inter‐annual variations for different lakes. During the study period, lakes in the central and northern HMA (15 lakes) showed a general growth tendency, while lakes in South Tibet (three lakes) showed significant shrinking tendency. Lakes in Central Tibet experienced rapid and stable water‐level rises around mid‐1990s followed by slowing growth rates after 2006. In contrast, the water‐level rises of lakes in the northern and north‐eastern Tibetan Plateau were characterized by abrupt increases in specific years rather than gradual growth. Meteorological data based on station observations indicate that the annual changes of water level showed strongly correlated with precipitation and evaporation but may not evidently related to the glacier melting induced by global warming. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

滇西南与花岗岩有关的锡矿床时空分布与成矿作用

滇西锡矿带与全球著名的东南亚锡矿带具有相似的成矿地质背景,其成矿规律与资源潜力一直是研究热点。本文在前人已有研究的基础上,探讨了滇西南锡矿时空分布规律与成矿作用。滇西南锡矿主要分布在腾冲地体、保山地体与昌宁-孟连造山带。已有的年代学数据显示腾冲地体发育三期锡成矿事件,分别为125～120Ma,75～68 Ma,52～47 Ma。本文在保山地体识别出晚新生代(约32～24 Ma)和晚白垩世(约75 Ma)两期锡成矿作用,进一步厘定了昌宁-孟连造山带东部三叠纪临沧花岗岩体中锡成矿时代为三叠纪(约235～220 Ma)。提出滇西南与三叠纪花岗岩有关的锡成矿作用发生于古特提斯洋闭合后碰撞环境,与早白垩世花岗岩有关的锡矿形成于中特提斯洋闭合后碰撞环境,与晚白垩世—古近纪花岗岩有关的锡成矿作用与新特提斯洋俯冲和板片回撤有关,而保山地体晚新生代锡矿则可能与新生代隐伏的新生代花岗岩有关,其侵位可能与走滑断裂活动诱发的软流圈上涌和地壳熔融有关。滇西南含锡花岗岩多为复式花岗岩体中晚阶段的高分异花岗岩(如二云母花岗岩或白云母花岗岩)。保山地体三叠纪花岗岩中的锡矿成矿时代显著晚于赋矿围岩,应注重加强成矿期花岗...     

地面三维激光扫描在不稳定边坡监测中的应用研究

不稳定边坡的监测通常是布设大量棱镜点,采用全站仪(自动测量机器人)长期观测,布设大量GPS静态观测点24 h全天候观测,采用干涉测量技术的合成孔径雷达InSAR的空间对地观测技术等,同时在不稳定边坡安装大量裂缝计获取辅助信息,最终得到相应变形情况.本文结合拉金神谷不稳定边坡的实际监测项目,探究了地基三维激光扫描在不稳定边坡监测中的可行性,技术方法是通过与每天全站仪的测量结果做对比来确认此种方式的精度和可靠性,相比全站仪测量棱镜点来获取局部位置的变形信息,地面三维激光扫描的单点测量精度比全站仪略低,但是可以获取到不稳定边坡整个面的信息,可以构建完整的三维模型、生成等高线等,通过采用剖面法结合DEM对比分析法,预判不稳定边坡表面变形情况,最终取得良好的效果.     

无序航空遥感影像的三维地形重建

无序航空影像的三维重建是摄影测量和计算机视觉领域研究的热点问题。提出一种可以不依赖任何辅助信息,由无序航空遥感影像全自动重建三维地形模型的算法流程。实验通过3组具有代表性的影像数据集验证了该方法的有效性和适用性。对重建后的三维地形模型的绝对精度检验表明,该方法重建的三维模型不仅具有较高的平面精度,而且当影像的基高比较好时,也可以获得较高的高程精度。     

扬子地块南缘中—晚寒武世浅海多次短暂增氧及其诱因：来自碳酸盐岩铈异常及碳- 锶同位素证据

中—晚寒武世(509～485 Ma)是地球历史上的一个动荡时期,期间发生了多次碳同位素漂移和生物灭绝事件,表明地球表层环境可能发生了剧烈变动。本文以湖南省永顺县王村剖面的清虚洞组、敖溪组和花桥组的碳酸盐岩地层为研究对象,通过碳、锶同位素地层学对比和稀土Ce异常的分析,揭示出扬子地块南缘在中晚寒武世发生了四次短暂的浅海短暂增氧(Ce_N/Ce_N^*<0.8),分别位于乌溜期(约509～504.5 Ma)、早鼓山期(约505 Ma)、古丈期(约500.5～497 Ma)和早排碧期(约497～496 Ma),其中排碧期早期和乌溜期内发生的增氧可能指示了全球表层海水的广泛增氧,而鼓山期早期和古丈期内发生的增氧可能仅局限于扬子地块南部边缘海。根据最新的生物地层学研究成果,浅海短暂增氧发生的时间与华南地区三叶虫和总体的生物多样性高峰基本对应,指示浅海氧气含量的上升可能促进了生物多样性的发展。海水δ¹³C和⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr值的变化趋势指示大陆风化增强向海洋输入大量营...