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131.
Accurate and robust positioning of vehicles in urban environments is of high importance for autonomous driving or mobile mapping. In mobile mapping systems, a simultaneous mapping of the environment using laser scanning and an accurate positioning using global navigation satellite systems are targeted. This requirement is often not guaranteed in shadowed cities where global navigation satellite system signals are usually disturbed, weak or even unavailable. We propose a novel approach which incorporates prior knowledge (i.e., a 3D city model of the environment) and improves the trajectory. The recorded point cloud is matched with the semantic city model using a point‐to‐plane iterative closest point method. A pre‐classification step enables an informed sampling of appropriate matching points. Random forest is used as classifier to discriminate between facade and remaining points. Local inconsistencies are tackled by a segmentwise partitioning of the point cloud where an interpolation guarantees a seamless transition between the segments. The general applicability of the method implemented is demonstrated on an inner‐city data set recorded with a mobile mapping system. 相似文献
132.
133.
Martin Bruckner Stefan Giljum Christian Lutz Kirsten Svenja Wiebe 《Global Environmental Change》2012,22(3):568-576
Production and consumption activities in industrialized countries are increasingly dependent on material and energy resources from other world regions and imply significant economic and environmental consequences in other regions around the world. The substitution of domestic material extraction and processing through imports is also shifting environmental burden abroad and thus extends the responsibility for environmental impacts as well as social consequences from the national to the global level. Based on the results of the Global Resource Accounting Model, this paper presents the first trade balances and consumption indicators for embodied materials in a time series from 1995 to 2005. The model includes 53 countries and two world regions. It is based on the 2009 edition of the input–output tables and bilateral trade data published by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) and is extended by physical data on global material extraction. The results quantify the global shift of embodied material resources from developing and emerging countries to the industrialized world. In addition to the level of industrialization and wealth, population density is identified as an important factor for the formation of physical trade patterns. Exports of embodied materials of less densely populated countries tend to surpass their imports, and vice versa. We also provide a quantitative comparison between conventionally applied indicators on material consumption based on direct material flows and indicators including embodied material flows. We show that the difference between those two indicators can be as much as 200%, calling for an adjustment of conventional national material flow indicators. Multi-regional input–output models prove to be a useful methodological approach to derive globally consistent and comprehensive data on material embodiments of trade and consumption. 相似文献
134.
The phenomenon of deficient electron microprobe totals in radiation-damaged and altered zircon 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Lutz Nasdala Andreas Kronz Tamás Váczi Arne Willner 《Geochimica et cosmochimica acta》2009,73(6):1637-1650
The phenomenon of deficient electron microprobe analyses, with sums of analyzed constituents often below 95 wt%, is assigned to the analysis of altered, porous minerals. With the example of three zircon populations we show that low totals are related to textural features (i.e., numerous pores of tens to hundreds of nanometers size) as well as to the chemical composition (i.e., water content well within the wt% range, which may affect partial sample degradation under the electron beam). The formation of the spongy texture is explained by the alteration of a previously radiation-damaged and, thus, volume-expanded material in a fluid-driven replacement reaction. The smaller volume of the reaction product (crystalline, non volume-expanded zircon) accounts for the formation of numerous voids and pores, which are perfect candidates for the incorporation of water. The alteration has also resulted in uptake of non-formula elements such as Al, P, Ca, Fe, Y, and REEs whereas Si and Zr are depleted. In one case, strong uptake of non-radiogenic Pb in altered zircon was observed. Because porous, low-total zircon has formed in secondary alteration process, its occurrence can be considered as an indicator of a secondary alteration history of the host rock. Low-total zircon is easily recognized by very low electron back-scatter intensities, which are closely related to the two main causes of the analytical shortfall (i.e., water content and porosity) and often lowered furthermore by the presence of light non-formula elements (especially P and Fe) up to the wt% range. 相似文献
135.
Continental climate in the East Siberian Arctic during the last interglacial: Implications from palaeobotanical records 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Frank Kienast Pavel Tarasov Lutz Schirrmeister Guido Grosse Andrei A. Andreev 《Global and Planetary Change》2008,60(3-4):535-562
To evaluate the consequences of possible future climate changes and to identify the main climate drivers in high latitudes, the vegetation and climate in the East Siberian Arctic during the last interglacial are reconstructed and compared with Holocene conditions. Plant macrofossils from permafrost deposits on Bol'shoy Lyakhovsky Island, New Siberian Archipelago, in the Russian Arctic revealed the existence of a shrubland dominated by Duschekia fruticosa, Betula nana and Ledum palustre and interspersed with lakes and grasslands during the last interglacial. The reconstructed vegetation differs fundamentally from the high arctic tundra that exists in this region today, but resembles an open variant of subarctic shrub tundra as occurring near the tree line about 350 km southwest of the study site. Such difference in the plant cover implies that, during the last interglacial, the mean summer temperature was considerably higher, the growing season was longer, and soils outside the range of thermokarst depressions were drier than today. Our pollen-based climatic reconstruction suggests a mean temperature of the warmest month (MTWA) range of 9–14.5 °C during the warmest interval of the last interglacial. The reconstruction from plant macrofossils, representing more local environments, reached MTWA values above 12.5 °C in contrast to today's 2.8 °C. We explain this contrast in summer temperature and soil moisture with a combination of summer insolation higher than present and climatic continentality in arctic Yakutia stronger than present as result of a considerably less inundated Laptev Shelf during the last interglacial. 相似文献
136.
Dominik C. HEZEL Leonid DUBROVINSKY Lutz NASDALA Jean CAUZID Alexandre SIMIONOVICI Marko GELLISSEN Thorbjörn SCHÖNBECK 《Meteoritics & planetary science》2008,43(7):1127-1136
Abstract— A new olivine‐pigeonite ureilite containing abundant diamonds and graphite was found in the United Arab Emirates. This is the first report of a meteorite in this country. The sample is heavily altered, of medium shock level, and has a total weight of 155 g. Bulk rock, olivine (Fo79.8–81.8) and pyroxene (En73.9–75.2, Fs15.5–16.9, Wo8.8–9.5) compositions are typical of ureilites. Olivine rims are reduced with Fo increasing up to Fo96.1–96.8. Metal in these rims is completely altered to Fehydroxide during terrestrial weathering. We studied diamond and graphite using micro‐Raman and in situ synchrotron X‐ray diffraction. The main diamond Raman band (LO = TO mode at ?1332 cm?1) is broadened when compared to well‐ordered diamond single crystals. Full widths at half maximum (FWHM) values scatter around 7 cm?1. These values resemble FWHM values obtained from chemical vapor deposition (CVD) diamond. In situ XRD measurements show that diamonds have large grain sizes, up to >5 μm. Some of the graphite measured is compressed graphite. We explore the possibilities of CVD versus impact shock origin of diamonds and conclude that a shock origin is much more plausible. The broadening of the Raman bands might be explained by prolonged shock pressure resulting in a transitional Raman signal between experimentally shock‐produced and natural diamonds. 相似文献
137.
An accumulation terrace close to the El'gygytgyn Impact Crater in northeastern Siberia contains stratigraphic and periglacial evidence of the paleoenvironmental and paleoclimatic history and permafrost dynamics during late Quaternary time. A succession of paleo active-layer deposits that mirror environmental changes records periods favorable for the establishment and growth of ice-wedge polygonal networks and sediment variations. These two elements of the periglacial landscape serve as complementary paleoenvironmental archives that can be traced back to ∼ 14,000 cal yr BP. The slope sediments and the ground ice contained therein have prominent relative maxima and minima in properties (grain size, total organic content, oxygen isotopes). They document a regional early Holocene thermal maximum at about 9000 cal yr BP, followed by a transition to slightly cooler conditions, and a subsequent transition to slightly warmer conditions after about 4000 cal yr BP. Results from sedimentary analysis resemble morphological and geochemical (oxygen and hydrogen isotopes) results from ice wedge studies, in which successive generations of ice-wedge polygonal networks record warmer winters in late Holocene time. Moreover, peaks of light soluble cation contents and quartz-grain surface textures reveal distinct traces of cryogenic weathering. We propose a conclusive sedimentation model illustrating terrace formation in a permafrost terrain. 相似文献
138.
Extensive parts of Arctic permafrost-dominated lowlands were affected by large-scale permafrost degradation, mainly through Holocene thermokarst activity. The effect of thermokarst is nowadays observed in most periglacial lowlands of the Arctic. Since permafrost degradation is a consequence as well as a significant factor of global climate change, it is necessary to develop efficient methods for the quantification of its past and current magnitude. We developed a procedure for the quantification of periglacial lowland terrain types with a focus on degradation features and applied it to the Cape Mamontov Klyk area in the western Laptev Sea region. Our terrain classification approach was based on a combination of geospatial datasets, including a supervised maximum likelihood classification applied to Landsat-7 ETM+ data and digital elevation data. Thirteen final terrain surface classes were extracted and subsequently characterized in terms of relevance to thermokarst and degradation of ice-rich deposits. 78% of the investigated area was estimated to be affected by permafrost degradation. The overall classification accuracy was 79%. Thermokarst did not develop evenly on the coastal plain, as indicated by the increasingly dense coverage of thermokarst-related areas from south to north. This regionally focused procedure can be extended to other areas to provide the highly detailed periglacial terrain mapping capabilities currently lacking in global-scale permafrost datasets. 相似文献
139.
Apatite fission-track (FT) ages and track length distributions are important sources of information about the thermal histories of rocks. Recent advances in the understanding of track annealing in apatite provide a solution to the forward problem of predicting FT ages and track length distributions that result from a given thermal history. In this paper, a method is presented to address the inverse problem—estimation of the thermal history from FT data. The inverse method uses an iterative approach (the downhill simplex) to systematically modify a starting thermal history to achieve satisfactory statistical agreement between the predicted and observed FT age and track length distribution. However, because of analytical uncertainties, a unique thermal history does not exist. Monte Carlo simulations are used to take into account the uncertainties in the data and yield a spectrum of possible thermal histories. The results are based on the isothermal annealing model of Laslett et al. ([1], Chem. Geol. Isot. Geosci. Sect., Vol. 65) but because the method uses forward predictions and not an analytical formula specific to a single annealing model, alternative annealing models could be used within the same framework. This method is an improvement in interpreting fission-track data because the range of thermal histories permitted by the data can be evaluated.To demonstrate the method, it is applied to several sets of test data created by forward modeling of idealized thermal histories. The results show that the age at which the sample cooled through its closure temperature and the most general features of the thermal history are revealed. However, data from partially annealed samples have wide spectra that reflect large uncertainties in the form of the thermal history. For such samples, FT data alone are not likely to provide strong tests of geologic hypotheses. Conversely, geologic information may play a crucial role in constraining the thermal history spectrum. In application to uplift-related cooling, this inverse method can provide much more realistic assessments of the cooling rate and its uncertainty than are otherwise possible. 相似文献
140.
Wolfgang Lutz Mahendra Shah Richard E. Bilsborrow John Bon-gaarts Partha DasGupta Barbara Entwisle Günther Fischer Brigida Garcia Daniel J. Hogan Arne Jernelöv Zhenghua Jiang Robert W. Kates Sanjaya Lall F. Landis MacKellar P.K. Makinwa-Adebusoye Anthony J. McMichael Vinod Mishra Norman Myers Nebojsa Nakicenovic Sten Nilsson Brian C. O'Neill Xizhe Peng Harriet B. Presser Nafis Sadik Warren C. Sanderson Gita Sen Barbara Torrey Dirk van de Kaa Hans J.A. van Ginkel Brenda Yeoh Huda Zurayk 《Global Change & Human Health》2002,3(1):33-35
The forthcoming World Summit on Sustainable Development (WSSD) in Johannesburg (August 26-September 4, 2002) has been set
by the United Nations to consider strategies toward sustainable development in all its dimensions. Hence, its mandate is broader
than that of the Rio 1992 United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED). Population issues have so far
been discussed in a separate series of World Population Conferences (Bucharest 1974, Mexico City 1984, Cairo 1994). With no
new World Population Conference scheduled for 2004 and Johannesburg having a mandate that is stated to explicitly include
social and economic aspects, population as a key component of sustainable development should figure prominently on the Johannesburg
agenda. Yet, after the third of four preparatory meetings for Johannesburg (which ended in New York on April 5th), consideration
of population is completely absent. The reasons for this are not entirely clear. We assume that they have to do with the fear
of entering into political controversies over abortion. We are concerned that, despite its broader mandate, in most countries
inputs to Johannesburg are being prepared mainly by environment ministries who have little experience in dealing with population
questions.
This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献