Using chemical and microbiological indicators to track the impacts from the land application of treated municipal wastewater and other sources on groundwater quality in a karstic springs basin

Multiple chemical constituents (nutrients; N, O, H, C stable isotopes; 64 organic wastewater compounds, 16 pharmaceutical compounds) and microbiological indicators were used to assess the impact on groundwater quality from the land application of approximately 9.5 million liters per day of treated municipal sewage effluent to a sprayfield in the 960-km² Ichetucknee Springs basin, northern Florida. Enriched stable isotope signatures (δ¹⁸O and δ²H) were found in water from the effluent reservoir and a sprayfield monitoring well (MW-7) due to evaporation; however, groundwater samples downgradient from the sprayfield have δ¹⁸O and δ²H concentrations that represented recharge of meteoric water. Boron and chloride concentrations also were elevated in water from the sprayfield effluent reservoir and MW-7, but concentrations in groundwater decreased substantially with distance downgradient to background levels in the springs (about 12 km) and indicated at least a tenfold dilution factor. Nitrate-nitrogen isotope (δ¹⁵N–NO₃) values above 10 ‰ in most water samples were indicative of organic nitrogen sources except Blue Hole Spring (δ¹⁵N–NO₃ = 4.6–4.9 ‰), which indicated an inorganic source of nitrogen (fertilizers). The detection of low concentrations the insect repellent N,N-diethyl-metatoluamide (DEET), and other organic compounds associated with domestic wastewater in Devil’s Eye Spring indicated that leakage from a nearby septic tank drainfield likely has occurred. Elevated levels of fecal coliforms and enterococci were found in Blue Hole Spring during higher flow conditions, which likely resulted from hydraulic connections to upgradient sinkholes and are consistent with previoius dye-trace studies. Enteroviruses were not detected in the sprayfield effluent reservoir, but were found in low concentrations in water samples from a downgradient well and Blue Hole Spring during high-flow conditions indicating a human wastewater source. The Upper Floridan aquifer in the Ichetucknee Springs basin is highly vulnerable to contamination from multiple anthropogenic sources throughout the springs basin.     

d'Entrecasteaux Zone,trench and western chain of the central New Hebrides island arc: Their significance and tectonic relationship

The absence of a trench and the existence of a separate, western chain of islands in the central New Hebrides island arc are a consequence of earlier tectonic evolution, and not the result of subduction of the d'Entrecasteux Zone as was previously suggested. Because of tectonic consolidation in the western islands prior to present subduction, a resistant block was created opposing subduction, and a trench never did form, here. The d'Entrecasteux Zone is responsible only locally for additional deformation of the subducting plate, in a way that can be regarded as an initial stage of obduction.     

Cosmic-ray fluctuations in interplanetary space

Cosmic-ray (CR) fluctuations in both the drift and diffusion approximations are investigated and the results compared with experimental data. Kinetic equation is used to obtain equations for the second moment of the CR distribution function (the correlation function of the distribution function fluctuations) in both approximations. An application of these approximations to the correlation function equation gives the relations between the CR power spectra and random magnetic fields in interplanetary space. Different magneto-turbulence models are taken in consideration and the relations between the spectral indices are obtained in various frequency intervals.The theoretical results are compared with experimental data obtained by the network of neutron monitors. The CR power spectra observed at the ground level during the years 1978–1981 has been calculated. The investigated frequency range of 3×10^–8 to 10^–4 Hz consists of two parts, with a transient region of 10^–6 to 10^–5 Hz. Together with the background CR fluctuations the contribution of both the periodic and aperiodic phenomena is observed.     

Near-Wake Turbulent Flow Structure and Mixing Length Downstream of a Fractal Tree

In order to study the turbulence structure behind a multiscale tree-like element in a boundary layer, detailed particle image velocimetry measurements are carried out in the near-wake of a fractal-like tree. The tree is a pre-fractal with five generations, each consisting of three branches and a scale-reduction factor of 1/2 between consecutive generations. Detailed mean velocity and turbulence stress profiles are documented, as well as their downstream development. Scatter plots of mean velocity gradient (transverse shear in the wake) and Reynolds shear stress exhibit a good linear relation at all locations in the flow. Therefore, in the transverse direction of the wake evolution, the data support the Boussinesq eddy-viscosity concept. The measured mixing length increases with streamwise distance, in agreement with classic wake expansion rates. Conversely, the measured eddy viscosity and mixing length in the transverse direction decrease with increasing elevation, which differs from the behaviours measured in the vertical direction in traditional boundary layers or in canopy flows studied before. In order to find an appropriate single length scale to describe the wake evolution behind a multiscale object, two models are proposed, based on the notion of superposition of scales. One approach is based on the radial spectrum of the object while the second is based on its length-scale distribution evaluated using fractal geometry tools. Both proposed models agree well with the measured mixing length. The results suggest that information about multiscale clustering of branches must be incorporated into models of the mixing length for flows through single or sparse canopies of multiscale trees.     

Statistics of extremes in climate change

This editorial essay concerns the use (or lack thereof) of the statistics of extremes in climate change research. So far, the statistical theory of extreme values has been primarily applied to climate under the assumption of stationarity. How this theory can be applied in the context of climate change, including implications for the analysis of the economic impacts of extremes, is described. Future research challenges include the statistical modeling of complex extreme events, such as heat waves, and taking into account spatial dependence in the statistical modeling of extremes for fields of climate observations or of numerical model output. Addressing these challenges will require increased collaboration between climate scientists and statisticians.     

Strukturelle Verhältnisse in den Südlichen Patagonischen Anden und Deren Beziehung zur Antarktis: Eine Diskussion

Zusammenfassung Das zum pazifischen Rückland konvexe Umbiegen der patagonischen Kordillere im Raum von Magellanstraße und Feuerland ist sehr uneinheitlich. In den subandinen Elementen hat sich um die Dawsoninsel eine eigentliche Knickstelle gebildet, mit beidseitig stärkerer Faltenscharung und Verschuppungstendenz. Der Zusammenschub des Gebirges auf Feuerland ist viel stärker als im N—S-streichenden Abschnitt nördlich der Magellanstraße. Dabei haben sich Blattverschiebungen entlang hauptsächlich NNW-, z. T. auch NE-streichender Bruchsysteme herausgebildet. Die Dawsoninsel selbst ist als ein zwischen solchen Bruchflächen südwärts zurückgebliebener Keil zu verstehen.Die mehr gebirgeeinwärts liegenden, zentralandinen Elemente machen das konvexe Umbiegen nur undeutlich mit, indem mehrere voneinander abgetrennte, an sich konkav stehende Segmente rotiert sind und mehr oder weniger stark nach NE vorgestoßen sind. Das Strukturbild der zentralandinen Zone ist denn auch unvergleichlich viel komplexer und gestörter als dasjenige des Subandins. Dabei macht sich am äußersten Südostzipfel Südamerikas eine starke Virgation der Gebirgselemente bemerkbar, die mit Richtungen zwischen ENE und SE ins Meer ausstreichen.Als weiteres, wichtiges Strukturelement wird die WNW-streichende Magellan-Bruchzone erwähnt, die auf 600 km Länge das Gebirge diagonal durchschneidet und gewissermaßen Südamerika nach S begrenzt; ihre Bedeutung wird diskutiert.Anhand fazieller und tektonischer Vergleiche, vor allem zwischen den zentralandinen Elementen auf Navarino und Südgeorgien, und basiert auf mehr spekulativen Betrachtungen der physiographischen Verhältnisse des Meeresbodens wird gezeigt, daß der Raum des Südantillenmeeres möglicherweise von einem System NE-streichender Blattverschiebungen beherrscht wird; diese wären im Gefolge des Ostdruckes eines starren Südpazifikblockes entstanden. Der Südantillenbogen würde sich damit aus verschiedenen, abgescherten Fragmenten zusammensetzen, die sich ungefähr bogenförmig um diesen Raum gruppieren. Das stärkere Zusammenpressen der feuerländischen Kordillere mit all ihren Komplikationen und Sekundärstörungen, wie auch die Bildung der Magellan-Bruchzone könnten ebenfalls durch diesen Vorstoß eines südlich davon liegenden, pazifischen Krustenteils erklärt werden.Das Zerreißen einer vorher direkten, tektonischen Verbindung zwischen Südamerika und der antarktischen Halbinsel hat erst im Anschluß an die andine Orogenese stattgefunden. Es wird vermutet, daß als Folge davon das Südantillenmeer wohl hauptsächlich von sialischem Krustentyp ist.

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The convex bending, with respect to the Pacific back-land, of the Patagonian Cordillera around Straits of Magellan and Tierra del Fuego is not at all uniform. Near Dawson Island, the subandean fold belt changes direction abruptly, showing simultaneously a tendency to develop narrow fold bundles and dislodged slices. Compression of the mountain belt in Tierra del Fuego is more pronounced than north of the Straits of Magellan, where the strike is roughly N-S. Consequently, wrench faulting occurred along NNW-, partly also NE-striking fracture systems. Dawson Island itself is considered a wedge which is left behind south, with respect to near-by segments that have advanced further along such fault planes.Elements of a more central position in the mountain belt do not show the convex bending to the same degree: individual segments, each in itself concavely bent, have rotated differently and been pushed to the NE by differential moving. Thus the structural picture of the central-andean part is much more complicated, as compared to the subandean belt. Between both areas, a pronounced virgation of the fold axes, which fan out in directions between ENE and SE, is evident toward the extreme southeastern tip of South America.Another, very important structural feature is the WNW-striking Magallanes Fault Zone, which over a distance of 600 km cuts obliquely across the area; in a way it delimits the continental block towards the south.Tectonic and facies relations, particularly between the central-andean elements of Navarino Island and South Georgia, as well as more speculative considerations of the physiographic ocean-bottom features suggest the Scotia Sea area being controlled by a system of NE-trending wrench faults; they are supposed to have developed in response to an easterly-directed pressure of a stable block in the South Pacific. The Scotia Arc would thus by composed of a number of differentially detached segments, their above-sea portions being located in an arc-like manner around the area. By such an advance of the Pacific crust south of Tierra del Fuego, both the pronounced compression of the Cordillera in the latter area with all its further implications, and the development of the Magallanes Fault Zone could equally well be explained.The rupture of an originally more direct, tectonic connection between South America and the Antarctic Peninsula occurred as a consequence of Andean orogeny. It is supposed that the Scotia Sea crust therefore is mainly of a sialic type.

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Resumen En base de nuevos antecedentes, se presenta un análisis tectonico-estructural de la Cordillera patagonica austral, discutiendo en adición su posible relación, através del Arco escosés, con la Peninsula antárctica. Un extracto mas extenso del tema fue publicado, en lengua castellana, por la Sociedad Gelógica de Chile («Resúmenes» no. 7/16, Santiago 1964 — ver Bibliografía al final).

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Résumé Dans la région du Détroit de Magellan et de la Terre de Feu, l'arc convexe, vu de l'arrière-pays, de la Cordillère patagonique est construit d'une mannière très irrégulière. Autour de l'île de Dawson, une véritable déflexion s'est formée dans les éléments subandins, exposant une tendance à la formation de faisceaux de plis et de lames charriées. La compression de la chaîne est beaucoup plus forte en Terre de Feu, qu'au nord du Détroit de Magellan où elle maintient une direction presque nord-sud. Des failles transversales se sont ainsi développées qui ont une direction surtout NNO, ou aussi NE. L'île de Dawson elle-même serait un coin resté en arrière au sud, par rapport aux segments voisins qui sont plus avancés le long de ces zones de faille.Les éléments qui se trouvent plus au centre de la cordillère suivent la forme de l'arc d'une manière peu prononcée. De différents segments qui eux-mêmes sont concaves, sont avancés différentiellement vers le NE à cause d'un mouvement rotatoire. C'est ainsi que la structure de la zone centrale-andine est beaucoup plus complexe que celle de la zone subandine. En outre, on note une forte virgation de tous les éléments vers l'extrême bout du continent, prenant une direction qui va entre l'ENE et le SE.De plus, on trouve une zone de faille régionale très importante qui a une direction ONO, traversant toute la région d'une longueur de 600 kms; elle est appelée «Zone de Faille de Magellan».Des comparaisons de la faciès et tectonique, surtout entre les éléments central-andins de l'île de Navarino et Géorgie du Sud, et des considérations plus spéculatives de la physiographie du fond de la mer, font présumer que la région de la mer écossaise soit controlée par un système de failles transversales de décrochement, ayant une direction nord-est. L'arc écossais serait composé ainsi par des éléments décollés le long de ces failles, groupés autour de la mer écossaise. Ce décollement, ainsi que la compression de la cordillère en Terre de Feu avec toutes ces complications secondaires seraient le résultat d'un avancement vers l'est de l'écorce du Pacifique sud.La rupture d'une connection tectonique originairement plus directe entre l'Amérique du Sud et l'Antarctique s'est produite en conséquence des mouvements orogénétiques andins. On suppose que pour cette raison la région de la mer écossaise soit occupée par une écorce sialique.

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