Über Facies und Tektonik der Kreide im Westen der Pyrenäen

Zusammenfassung Zuerst wird eine gedrängte Übersicht über die Stratigraphie der basko-kantabrischen Kreidegeosynklinale und die Tektonik ihres baskischen, strukturell noch zu den Pyrenäen gehörigen Anteils gegeben. Dann werden gewisse, den klastischen Kreide-Schichtfolgen im allgemeinen fremde, sauber klassierte Grobpsammite und Geröllfacien als Spuren lokaler Ausgleichsströmungen an Untergrundsunebenheiten gedeutet. Diese ordnen sich, zusammen mit Mächtigkeitsminima insbesondere des Albien, und mit Diskordanzen in Albien und Cenoman auf Nordnordwest- bis Nord-streichenden Zonen an. Parallel dazu verlaufen Bruchstrukturen innerhalb der Kreide, die den Gang der posteozänen Pyrenäenfaltung örtlich beeinflußten und von dieser, so beherrschend und tiefgreifend sie hier im übrigen scheinen mag, nur unvollkommen überprägt wurden. Auf eine ältere Strukturierung des voralpidischen Untergrundes wird geschlossen. Tatsächlich ergab ein zu Vergleichszwecken angestelltes Literaturstudium in dem ostwärts anschließenden Gebiet der Westpyrenäen das Vorhandensein variscischer Achsen und Brüche gleicher Art und Orientierung.

---

Stratigraphy and tectonics of the Basco-Cantabrian cretaceous geosyncline (Northern Spain) are briefly resumed. Lithofacial and structural peculiarities in it are described. They suggest meridional faulting of the basement, similarly as described by others in the older rocks exposed in the Western Pyrenees.

---

Résumé Stratigraphie et tectonique du géosynclinal crétacé basco-cantabrique sont résumées brèvement. Des surélévements au fond de la mer aptienne-cénomanienne, conclus de certains faciès grossiers, d'épaisseurs-minimum et de discordances, s'élongeaient parallèles à des failles et des axes pré-pyrénéennes, disharmoniques, en direction Nord-nord-ouest ou Nord. Celles-ci ne sont retouchées qu'imparfaitement par le plissement post-éocène, entraînant et catégorique qu'il bien y paraisse. A l'Est de Tolosa, jusqu'à Pau, le sous-sol élevé du géosynclinal crétacé montre des axes et des failles méridionales, hercyniennes, tout-à-fait pareilles à celles qu'il me fallut admettre au-dessous du Crétacé basque pour y expliquer les particularités mentionnées ci-dessus.

---

, , - . .

---

---

Erweitertes Manuskript eines Vortrages vor der Hauptversammlung der Geologischen Vereinigung in Wetzlar am 13. März 1961.     

Unregelmässigkeit und Regelmässigkeit der SporadischenE-Schicht

Summary From station's observations much information on top-frequencyfEs, less on blanketing frequencyfbEs is obtained. The results must be interpretated in statistical terms. Time- and distance-correlation functions are established. Daily, seasonal and geographic regularities are discussed. A sharp maximum exists at the magnetic equator but only for the top-frequency. No well defined influence of the solar cycle has been found, only a very weak one of lunar tides.Apart the routine evaluation observations of the variation of the reflection coefficient with frequency have been made. In temperate latitudes in about 1/3 of all cases there is no partial reflection; in the other cases local variations of electron concentration up to 1:2 are found, higher values are rare. At low latitudes the variation may be more important. This is found by a qualitative classification of ionograms of different stations. Such classification has been made for transparency, scatter, angle of incidence and layer developpement. Diffuse echoes exist often near the magnetic equator.Es is always vertically sounded at temperate latitudes. In most cases the ionization originates as a thin layer of constant altitude. Transitory phenomena coming downwards are responsible for «E2s» in daytine.It appears that a cumulo-cirrus-cloud layer is a good model forEs-ionization. An atmospheric ionization process using stored energy from dissociation or ion existence seems to be most probable.     

Der Brechungsindexgradient für elektromagnetische Wellen (Cm bis M-Band) in der maritimen Grenzschicht der Atmosphäre

Zusammenfassung Es werden Beziehungen abgeleitet zwischen dem vertikalen Gradienten des modifizierten BrechungsindexM (für Centimeter- bis Meterwellen) in der maritimen Grenzschicht der Atmosphäre und der Temperatur- und Wasserdampfdifferenz Luft-Wasser. Diese Beziehungen ergeben sich aus unseren Kenntnissen von dem Einflusse der Temperaturschichtung und der Windgeschwindigkeit auf die vertikale Wasserdampfschichtung über See und ermöglichen die Absehätzung der Refraktionsschichtung (Duct-Dicke,mittlerer Gradient u.a.) für elektromagnetische Wellen (Cm- bis M-Band) in den unteren Dekametern über dem Meer. Es werden Tabellen und Diagramme für eine praktische Anwendung des Verfahrens angegeben.Als Beispiel werden Häufigkeitsverteilungen der Duct-Dicke und des mittleren Brechungsindexgradienten für Sommer und Winter gezeigt, die sich aus vierjährigen Beobachtungen auf einem nordatlantischen Wetterschiff ergaben.

---

On the gradient of the refractive index of electro-magnetic waves (centimetre- to metre-waves) in the maritime boundary layer of the atmosphere

Summary Correlations between the vertical gradient of the modified refractive indexM (of centimetre- to metre-waves) in the maritime boundary layer of the atmosphere and the difference air-water in temperature and water vapour are stated. The correlations are known from the influences exercised by the temperature stratification and the wind velocity on the vertical stratification of water vapour above the sea surface; they allow to estimate the refractive stratification (thickness of duct, medium gradient etc.) of the electro-magnetic waves (centimetre- to metre-waves) in the lower decametres above the ocean surface. Tables and diagrams are stated in the paper for a practical application of the method under discussion.As an example, the author included in this paper data of frequency distribution of the duct thickness and of the medium gradient of the refractive index for summer and winter which are derived from four years' observations on board of a weather ship in the North Atlantic.

---

Sur le gradient de l'indice de réfraction des ondes électromagnétiques (de 0,01 m á 1m) présentes dans la couche limite maritime de l'atmosphère

Résumé On révèle des corrélations entre le gradient vertical de l'indice modifié de réfractionM (par rapport aux ondes de 0,01 à 1 m) et la différence: air eau de la température et du vapeur d'eau. Ces corrélations, nous le savons, résultent de l'effect que la stratification de la température a sur la stratification verticale du vapeur d'eau au-dessus de la surface de la mer. La connaissance de ces corrélations nous permet d'estimer la stratification de réfraction (l'épaisseur du duct, gradient moyen etc.) des ondes électromagnétiques présentes dans les bas décamètres voisins de la surface de l'océan. Des tableaux et des diagrammes permettant d'appliquer au travail pratique la méthode discutée ici, sont indiqués.Pour offrir un exemple, l'auteur décrit dans cet article la distribution en fréquence de l'épaisseur du duct et du gradient moyen de l'indice de réfraction pour l'hiver et pour l'été en se basant sur les observations faites à bord d'un bateau météorologique en Océan Atlantique Nord pendant une période de quatre ans.

---

---

Herrn o. ö. Professor Dr. Paul Raethjen, Direktor des Geophysikalischen Instituts der Universität Hamburg, zum 60. Geburtstag gewidmet.     

Land use/cover change in central Tibet, c. 1830–1990: devising a GIS methodology to study a historical Tibetan land decree

In this study, historical Tibetan tax-related data pertaining to cultivated land in central Tibet are studied by means of GIS and compared with contemporary patterns. A Tibetan land decree from 1830 contains aggregated data on the amount of land-based tax units for estates in 57 districts of central Tibet. The purpose of this study is to devise a GIS methodology to study the potential utility of these data for historical geographical research, and to determine the approximate changes in cultivated land areas between 1830 and 1990. Traditional Tibetan tax data are significant for current efforts to construct historical land cover databases of the Tibetan Plateau region for the study of the human dimensions of global change.     

Investigation of groundwater contamination using electric and electromagnetic methods at an open waste-disposal site: a case study from Isparta, Turkey

 Geophysical methods, when integrated with soil chemical and hydrogeological methods, can be used to investigate groundwater contamination. Direct current (DC) resistivity geo-electrical sounding and very-low-frequency electromagnetic (VLF-EM) data were collected at an open waste site used by the municipality of the city of Isparta, Turkey. The groundwater at shallow depths in alluvium, which is composed of gravel, sand and clay, were expected to be hazardously contaminated under and around the open waste-disposal site, in which both household and industrial wastes are known to be disposed of improperly. In this study, we mapped the spread of groundwater contamination using a VLF-EM method, which allows fast and inexpensive data collection. The method complements the results of geo-electrical sounding. There is a good correlation between the results of the VLF-EM and the DC-resistivity methods employed for the investigation of subsurface structure of the site, where soil chemical and previous hydrogeological surveys have indicated high levels of chemical concentrations. Received: 17 January 2000 · Accepted: 12 August 2000     

Dysaerobic conditions during Heinrich events 4 and 5: Evidence from phosphorus distribution in a North Atlantic deep-sea core

Reactive phosphorus undergoes diagenetic transformation once transferred into marine sediments. The degree of regeneration and redistribution of phosphorus depends on early diagenetic and environmental conditions, which may be linked to larger scale phenomena, such as bottom water circulation, water column ventilation, and organic carbon flux. Phosphorus phases of the <50-μm-sized fraction of deep-sea sediments from core SU 90-09 (North Atlantic, 43°31′N, 30°24′W, 3375 m below sea level) have been analyzed using a sequential extraction technique (SEDEX method) to reconstruct phosphorus geochemistry during Heinrich events 4 and 5. Comparison with Holocene samples from the same site indicates that postdeposition diagenetic transformation has not affected phosphorus distribution in the deep part of the sediments. Total and reactive phosphorus average 0.40 ± 0.04 mg/g and 0.30 ± 0.05 mg/g, respectively, and are comparable to values found in analog deep-sea environments in the North Atlantic. Detrital phosphorus, the phase linked to igneous- and metamorphic-derived material, sharply increases during Heinrich events and covaries with the ice-rafted debris record, whereas authigenic and Fe-bound phosphorus phases, both influenced by redox conditions, decrease or even disappear. These findings suggest that during the deposition of Heinrich layers (HLs), environmental parameters hampered the precipitation of these phases. Large freshwater discharges in relation to iceberg surges may have provoked a temporary stratification of the water column. Accordingly, dysaerobic conditions in the sediments may have fostered the loss of dissolved phosphorus from the sediments to the water column, in a direct and rapid response to the changed conditions. Decreasing trends in organic matter elemental ratios (total organic carbon/organic phosphorus) and Rock-Eval oxygen index values, along with the presence of partly authigenic dolomite and ankerite within HLs, also support this assumption.     

Projective ordination by SIMCA: A dynamic strategy for cost-efficient environmental monitoring around offshore installations

A method for environmental monitoring using benthic species profiles as input is developed in this work. The method, referred to as projective ordination, utilises local principal component modelling (SIMCA) to obtain a cross-validated model which spans the natural variation in a region around offshore oil-producing installations. The borderline between regions with disturbed and non-disturbed species communities is subsequently decided from the residual distribution. This distribution is used to design an approximate F-test for assessing whether a community at a particular sampling location is disturbed or not. If so, the nature of the disturbance is determined by projecting the data on the PC model.Projective ordination utilises information from previous surveys to define the permissible variation in species communities, i.e. the limit of the natural variation. In addition, the method is dynamic, in a sense that the sampling locations may vary from survey to survey.Furthermore, our analysis shows that the customary number of replicate samples per station can be reduced. Modelling with only four randomly chosen replicates out of the complete set of five for each sampling location, does not affect the model significantly. On the other hand, taking only 3 replicates into account leads to significant divergences.A model based on the 1990 and 1993 surveys at the Statfjord field is presented as an example of the technique.     

Synthetic seismograms ofP-waves propagating in solid wedges with free boundaries

A numerical method for the synthesis of seismograms for body wave propagation in solid wedges is presented. The method is based on the superposition of multiple reflections arising from the entrance of a plane primary wave. Therefore the method is restricted to those domains in time-space where no diffracted waves from the wedge axis occur. In spite of this restriction, the dispersion of body waves in wedges can well be studied by this method. Seismograms have been synthesized which show the dispersion of a primary,p-signal propagating in a solid 10°- and a 5°-wedge with free boundaries. For wedge anlges less than 10° the signal from (as distinguished from the wave front) suddently decreases its velocity from that in the infinite medium to about that of the plate wave as the signal approaches the wedge axis. A decrease of the dominant period of the interference signal occurs simultaneously in this transition zone. These observations are concordant with previous seismic model studies [1]. Particle motion diagrams disclose elliptical polarization of the interference signal in the neighboorhood of the wedge axis which changes its sense from prograde to retrograde on passing through the transition zone. This paper has been submitted for publication to Geophysics. It will appear, in Vol. 31 (1966).     

Coral Associations, Biocorrosion, and Space Competition in Pedum spondyloideum (Gmelin) (Pectinacea, Bivalvia)

Abstract. In the northern Red Sea several genera of sclcractinian corals arc used as hosts by Pedum spondyloideum. High population densities lead to space competition. The bivalves use chemical means to interact with each other and with their host corals. Due to dorsal attachment and predominantly ventral growth - to keep pace with coral growth - biocorrosion is less obvious, than in Lilhophuga.