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991.
James Flocks Michael D. Miner David C. Twichell Dawn L. Lavoie Jack Kindinger 《Geo-Marine Letters》2009,29(6):359-378
The barrier-island systems of the Mississippi River Delta plain are currently undergoing some of the highest rates of shoreline
retreat in North America (~20 m/year). Effective management of this coastal area requires an understanding of the processes
involved in shoreline erosion and measures that can be enacted to reduce loss. The dominant stratigraphy of the delta plain
is fluvial mud (silts and clays), delivered in suspension via a series of shallow-water delta lobes that prograded across
the shelf throughout the Holocene. Abandonment of a delta lobe through avulsion leads to rapid land subsidence through compaction
within the muddy framework. As the deltaic headland subsides below sea level, the marine environment transgresses the bays
and wetlands, reworking the available sands into transgressive barrier shorelines. This natural process is further complicated
by numerous factors: (1) global sea-level rise; (2) reduced sediment load within the Mississippi River; (3) diversion of the
sediment load away from the barrier shorelines to the deep shelf; (4) storm-induced erosion; and (5) human alteration of the
littoral process through the construction of hardened shorelines, canals, and other activities. This suite of factors has
led to the deterioration of the barrier-island systems that protect interior wetlands and human infrastructure from normal
wave activity and periodic storm impact. Interior wetland loss results in an increased tidal prism and inlet cross-sectional
areas, and expanding ebb-tidal deltas, which removes sand from the littoral processes through diversion and sequestration.
Shoreface erosion of the deltaic headlands does not provide sufficient sand to balance the loss, resulting in thinning and
dislocation of the islands. Abatement measures include replenishing lost sediment with similar material, excavated from discrete
sandy deposits within the muddy delta plain. These sand bodies were deposited by the same cyclical processes that formed the
barrier islands, and understanding these processes is necessary to characterize their location, extent, and resource potential.
In this paper we demonstrate the dominant fluvial and marine-transgressive depositional processes that occur on the inner
shelf, and identify the preservation and resource potential of fluvio-deltaic deposits for coastal management in Louisiana. 相似文献
992.
Rare earth elements (REEs) of 91 fine-grained bottom sediment samples from five major rivers in Korea (the Han, Keum, and
Yeongsan) and China (the Changjiang and Huanghe) were studied to investigate their potential as source indicator for Yellow
Sea shelf sediments, this being the first synthetic report on REE trends for bottom sediments of these rivers. The results
show distinct differences in REE contents and their upper continental crust (UCC)-normalized patterns: compared to heavy rare
earth elements (HREEs), light rare earth elements (LREEs) are highly enriched in Korean river sediments, in contrast to Chinese
river sediments that have a characteristic positive Eu anomaly. This phenomenon is observed also in primary source rocks within
the river catchments. This suggests that source rock composition is the primary control on the REE signatures of these river
sediments, due largely to variations in the levels of chlorite and monazite, which are more abundant in Korean bottom river
sediments. Systematic variations in ΣLREE/ΣHREE ratios, and in (La/Yb)–(Gd/Yb)UCC but also (La/Lu)–(La/Y)UCC and (La/Y)–(Gd/Lu)UCC relations have the greatest discriminatory power. These findings are consistent with, but considerably expand on the limited
datasets available to date for suspended sediments. Evidently, the REE fingerprints of these river sediments can serve as
a useful diagnostic tool for tracing the provenance of sediments in the Yellow Sea, and for reconstructing their dispersal
patterns and the circulation system of the modern shelf, as well as the paleoenvironmental record of this and adjoining marginal
seas. 相似文献
993.
We investigate an overlooked mechanism—coastal upwelling—for sea surface temperature (SST) cooling in the western side of the mean location of the Pacific warm pool (WSWP: 5°S–5°N, 140°E–150°E) prior to El Niño onset. We analyze various observed data such as the TRIangle Trans-Ocean buoy Network (TRITON) moored buoy data, Conductivity-Temperature-Depth (CTD) data, satellite data and a hindcast experiment output by a high-resolution ocean general circulation model (OGCM). We focus on the precondition of the 2002/03 El Niño event, for which many datasets are available. Relatively cool water upwelled along the north coast of Papua New Guinea (PNG) during December 2001, prior to the onset of the 2002/03 El Niño event, and then spread out over a wider area to the northeast. Simultaneously, strong west-northerly surface winds occur along the north coast. Heat budget analysis of TRITON buoy data in the WSWP reveals that negative zonal heat advection due to eastward current is the main factor for cooling the mixed layer in the WSWP in contrast to the warming effect of the surface heat flux during the period. This cooling requires a source of colder water to the west. Similar analysis of OGCM outputs also suggests that the upwelled relatively cool water along the PNG north coast, and its northeastward extension to the equatorial region, contributes to cooling of the surface water over the WSWP mainly via negative zonal heat advection. Similar mechanisms are confirmed also for the 1982/83 and 1997/98 El Niño events by analyses of OGCM outputs and historical SST data. The low SST in the WSWP generated a positive zonal SST gradient together with high SST east of the WSWP. It may contribute to enhancement of the westerly surface wind in this region, leading to the onset of the 2002/03 El Niño event. 相似文献
994.
Amy E. Draut Patrick E. Hart Thomas D. Lorenson Holly F. Ryan Florence L. Wong Ray W. Sliter James E. Conrad 《Marine Geophysical Researches》2009,30(3):193-206
Small, steep, uplifting coastal watersheds are prolific sediment producers that contribute significantly to the global marine
sediment budget. This study illustrates how sedimentation evolves in one such system where the continental shelf is largely
sediment-starved, with most terrestrial sediment bypassing the shelf in favor of deposition in deeper basins. The Santa Barbara–Ventura
coast of southern California, USA, is considered a classic area for the study of active tectonics and of Tertiary and Quaternary
climatic evolution, interpretations of which depend upon an understanding of sedimentation patterns. High-resolution seismic-reflection
data over >570 km2 of this shelf show that sediment production is concentrated in a few drainage basins, with the Ventura and Santa Clara River
deltas containing most of the upper Pleistocene to Holocene sediment on the shelf. Away from those deltas, the major factor
controlling shelf sedimentation is the interaction of wave energy with coastline geometry. Depocenters containing sediment
5–20 m thick exist opposite broad coastal embayments, whereas relict material (bedrock below a regional unconformity) is exposed
at the sea floor in areas of the shelf opposite coastal headlands. Locally, natural hydrocarbon seeps interact with sediment
deposition either to produce elevated tar-and-sediment mounds or as gas plumes that hinder sediment settling. As much as 80%
of fluvial sediment delivered by the Ventura and Santa Clara Rivers is transported off the shelf (some into the Santa Barbara
Basin and some into the Santa Monica Basin via Hueneme Canyon), leaving a shelf with relatively little recent sediment accumulation.
Understanding factors that control large-scale sediment dispersal along a rapidly uplifting coast that produces substantial
quantities of sediment has implications for interpreting the ancient stratigraphic record of active and transform continental
margins, and for inferring the distribution of hydrocarbon resources in relict shelf deposits. 相似文献
995.
A mooring observation of current velocity, temperature and bottom pressure was carried out approximately 30 km off the coast
of Monbetsu, between August 7 and September 2, 2005, to investigate the characteristics of bottom boundary layer (BBL) off
the Soya Warm Current (SWC). We succeeded in measuring the Ekman veering and bottom Ekman transport in the BBL. On comparing
the observed current velocity with that represented by the classical theoretical equation, the observed alongshore current
velocity in BBL disagreed with that represented by the classical theoretical equation, but the cross-shore one agreed well.
However after applying a linear extrapolation for the alongshore current velocity to estimate the alongshore geostrophic current
velocity above the bottom, we could explain the alongshore current velocity by that represented in the classical theoretical
equation. Consequently, our observations strongly support one of the proposed formation mechanisms of the cold-water belt
observed off the SWC, that is, the convergence of bottom Ekman transport. The volume transport of vertical pumping velocity
was estimated to be (0.12–0.25) Sv. In addition, the vertical profile of average temperature in all observation periods shows
that slightly warmer water lies beneath the homogenous temperature layer, in the BBL. The result is considered to imply that
the down-slope advection due to bottom Ekman transport supplies the SWC water in BBL and the eddy diffusivity of order of
10−3 m2s−1 maintains the oceanic structure in the bottom mixed layer. 相似文献
996.
Kuninao Tada Marut Suksomjit Kazuhiko Ichimi Yui Funaki Shigeru Montani Machiko Yamada Paul J. Harrison 《Journal of Oceanography》2009,65(6):885-891
The importance of the nitrogen source for phytoplankton growth in a highly eutrophic embayment, Dokai Bay, was investigated.
The DIN concentration often exceeded 100 μM of which 40–70% was NH4
+. During two incubation experiments, the natural assemblage of mainly diatoms took up NH4
+ instead of NO3
−. The growth of two Skeletonema species isolated in Dokai Bay were significantly faster on NH4
+ (1.86 and 1.27 div. d−1 respectively) than on NO3
− (1.55 and 1.04 div. d−1 respectively). Our results indicated that these diatoms could grow faster by using NH4
+ compared to NO3
− in this eutrophic bay. 相似文献
997.
A monthly mean climatology of the mixed layer depth (MLD) in the North Pacific has been produced by using Argo observations.
The optimum method and parameter for evaluating the MLD from the Argo data are statistically determined. The MLD and its properties
from each density profile were calculated with the method and parameter. The monthly mean climatology of the MLD is computed
on a 2° × 2° grid with more than 30 profiles for each grid. Two bands of deep mixed layer with more than 200 m depth are found
to the north and south of the Kuroshio Extension in the winter climatology, which cannot be reproduced in some previous climatologies.
Early shoaling of the winter mixed layer between 20–30°N, which has been pointed out by previous studies, is also well recognized.
A notable feature suggested by our climatology is that the deepest mixed layer tends to occur about one month before the mixed
layer density peaks in the middle latitudes, especially in the western region, while they tend to coincide with each other
in higher latitudes. 相似文献
998.
Reevaluation of historical ocean heat content variations with time-varying XBT and MBT depth bias corrections 总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6
As reported in former studies, temperature observations obtained by expendable bathythermographs (XBTs) and mechanical bathythermographs
(MBTs) appear to have positive biases as much as they affect major climate signals. These biases have not been fully taken
into account in previous ocean temperature analyses, which have been widely used to detect global warming signals in the oceans.
This report proposes a methodology for directly eliminating the biases from the XBT and MBT observations. In the case of XBT
observation, assuming that the positive temperature biases mainly originate from greater depths given by conventional XBT
fall-rate equations than the truth, a depth bias equation is constructed by fitting depth differences between XBT data and
more accurate oceanographic observations to a linear equation of elapsed time. Such depth bias equations are introduced separately
for each year and for each probe type. Uncertainty in the gradient of the linear equation is evaluated using a non-parametric
test. The typical depth bias is +10 m at 700 m depth on average, which is probably caused by various indeterminable sources
of error in the XBT observations as well as a lack of representativeness in the fall-rate equations adopted so far. Depth
biases in MBT are fitted to quadratic equations of depth in a similar manner to the XBT method. Correcting the historical
XBT and MBT depth biases by these equations allows a historical ocean temperature analysis to be conducted. In comparison
with the previous temperature analysis, large differences are found in the present analysis as follows: the duration of large
ocean heat content in the 1970s shortens dramatically, and recent ocean cooling becomes insignificant. The result is also
in better agreement with tide gauge observations.
On leave from the Meteorological Research Institute of the Japan Meteorological Agency. 相似文献
999.
Multidisciplinary oceanic investigation was undertaken in Aug–Sep. 2003 along a transect from Northwestern (Busan, Korea) to Southeastern Pacific (Talcahuano, Chile) to understand the physical, chemical and biological features in the surface water, and to depict their interaction with the atmosphere. Among the twenty parameters measured, we describe the physical, chemical and biological features. Physico-chemical data were analyzed in conjunction with the geographic position and yielded 7 peculiar surface water masses. The first water mass (28.4°N, 130.8°E to 21.5°N, 139.5°E) was warm and low in phosphate and nitrate content, and high in silicate. The concentration of phytoplankton pigment was one of the lowest. The second (20.4°N, 140.7°E to 2.2°S, 162.9°E) was the warmest and the least saline. Nitrate and phosphate concentration were one of the lowest. Chlorophyll a (Chl a) concentration was the lowest among the surface waters. The third (3.4°S, 164.0°E to 14.5°S, 173.3°E) was warm. Nitrate concentration was the lowest. CHL-a, peridinin (Perid), violaxanthin (Viola), zeaxanthin (Zea), chlorophyll-b (Chl b) and β-CAR were abundant. The fourth (18.6°S, 177.5°E to 31.8°S, 123.9°W) was saline and poor in nutrient concentration. The contributions of 19′-butanoyloxyfucoxanthin (But-fuco), 19′-hexanoyloxyfucoxanthin (Hex-fuco), and CHL b to CHL a were non-negligible. The fifth (32.4°S, 122.1°W to 33.8°S, 117.2°W) was relatively cold and well oxygenated. Concentration of Fuco, But-fuco, Hex-fuco and Chl b was high. The sixth (34.2°S, 115.4°W to 37.4°S, 92.1°W) was cold, well oxygenated and enriched with phosphate and nitrate. Concentration of phytoplankton pigment was, however, one of the lowest. The seventh, located off the Chilean coast, from 37.2°S, 87.2°W to 36.1°S, 74.1°W was well oxygenated and highly enriched with nitrate and phosphate. Phytoplankton pigments such as Fuco, Perid, But-fico, and Hex-fuco were rich. The 7 surface water masses are partially attributed to Kuroshio Current, North Equatorial Current and North Equatorial Countercurrent, South Equatorial current, South Pacific Subtropical Gyre, South Pacific Current, Subtropical Front and Chilean coastal water. The differences in physicochemical characteristics and the history of the surface water resulted in difference in quantity and composition of the phytoplankton pigment. 相似文献
1000.
Taxonomy and ultrastructure of five species of Tetraselmis (Prasinophyceae) isolated from China seas
INTRODUCTIONThegenusTetraselmisStein ( 1 878)isagreenflagellates (Prasinophyceae)thatconsistsofmanymarineaswellasafewfreshwaterspecies .Marinespeciesoftenoccurindensepopula tionscausingbloomsintidepoolsorbays ,therebybeingimportanttoanunderstandingofthedynam… 相似文献