加密自动站资料在强对流天气分析预报中的应用

利用常规分析资料、雷达产品和太原地面加密自动站资料,对2008年6月28日出现在太原地区的一次强对流天气过程进行了分析,结果发现:①高空冷涡和中低空暖湿气团配置为此次强对流天气提供了有利的环流背景条件。②雷达回波的形状、结构、VIL均显示出强对流特征,速度辐合区与地面中尺度辐合线相对应,垂直方向存在强烈的风切变。③逐小时变温场显示出冷空气入侵路径、强度,负变温中心未来成为强对流天气区。④地面中尺度辐合线是强对流发生的触发机制,逐小时变压场的负中心与随后出现的灾害性天气区有效对应。⑤对流发生前,单站气象要素出现显著的不连续变化,气压和湿度呈同位相变化,与气温变化则反位相,3者在对流发生前1h同步出现谷(峰)值,灾害天气出现在之后的要素陡升(降)时段内。     

青藏高原东部暴雨强降水的特征

该文简要地介绍了贵州省气候中心近期主持完成的一项关于青藏高原东部暴雨强降水成因及特征的研究成果。这一成果使用多种方法综合研究了青藏高原东部暴雨的标准、暴雨的水汽通道、暴雨的天气气候特征、暴雨的小范围、短历时特征、暴雨的高效率特征、夜雨特征、暴雨强降水的巨大地形差异、青藏高原特有的雪暴强降水特征、暴雨面雨量的计算、最大可能降水量的估算、暴雨过程的地面径流特征、青藏高原东部的水平衡特征等课题,填补了青藏高原暴雨研究的空白。     

太原汛期短时强降水环流分型及环境参量分析

应用太原1996-2015年7个国家气象站、2008-2015年63个区域站6-9月逐时降水资料及相关探空、地面观测资料,对太原短时强降水日环流配置进行天气学分型,分析各流型下关键环境参数分布特征。结果表明,太原发生短时强降水的500 hPa环流形势有四种:冷涡型、高空槽型、高空槽加副高型、西北气流型。太原短时强降水常发生在比较温和的对流有效位能(CAPE)环境下,大部分过程CAPE值≤1500 J·kg^-1,冷涡型则≤1000 J·kg^-1。西北气流型850 hPa与500 hPa温差(ΔT850-500)大,静力不稳定度比其他型更强,且500 hPa有明显的干层存在。高空槽加副高型K指数大,且暖云厚度均值达3576 m,明显大于其他型2471~2608 m的均值。冷涡型全部、高空槽型85%的过程出现在弱0~6 km垂直风切变环境下,而高空槽加副高型、西北气流型0~6 km垂直风切变相对较大,35%以上达到中等强度。冷涡型、西北气流型短时强降水太原上空700 hPa水汽常比850 hPa更充沛。太原超过70 mm·h^-1的极端降水出现在西北气流型下,有中等强度的CAPE值、强层结不稳定、弱0~6 km垂直风切变、3550 m以上暖云厚度,中低空水汽充足,这些环境参量的配合对强降水效率有很好的指示意义。     

Environmental tolerance of Caprella mutica: implications for its distribution as a marine non-native species

Physiological tolerances limit the distribution of marine species, with geographical ranges being set by environmental factors, such as temperature and salinity, which affect the rates of vital processes and survival of marine ectotherms. The physiological tolerances of the non-native marine amphipod Caprella mutica were investigated in laboratory experiments. Adult C. mutica were collected from a fish farm on the west coast of Scotland and exposed to a range of temperatures and salinities for 48 h. C. mutica were tolerant of a broad range of temperature and salinity conditions, with 100% mortality at 30 degrees C (48 h LT50, 28.3+/-0.4 degrees C), and salinities lower than 16 (48 h LC50, 18.7+/-0.2). Although lethargic at low temperatures (2 degrees C), no mortality was observed, and the species is known to survive at temperatures as low as -1.8 degrees C. The upper LC(50) was greater than the highest salinity tested (40), thus it is unlikely that salinity will limit the distribution of C. mutica in open coastal waters. However, the species will be excluded from brackish water environments such as the heads of sea lochs or estuaries. The physiological tolerances of C. mutica are beyond the physical conditions experienced in its native or introduced range and are thus unlikely to be the primary factors limiting its present distribution and future spread.     

Persistence of yessotoxin under light and dark conditions

The change in concentration of the disulfated polyether yessotoxin (YTX) produced by a culture of the marine dinoflagellate Protoceratium reticulatum was measured in laboratory experiments under light and dark conditions. Experimental cultures were inoculated and grew at a growth rate of 0.14 d(-1) until stationary phase was reached, after approximately 21 days. Cultures were maintained in the stationary phase until 31 days after inoculation. Cells of P. reticulatum contained a concentration of approximately 10-15 pg YTX cell(-1) during stationary phase but this was considerably lower (<5 pg cell-1) during the growth phase. Low amounts of 45-hydroxy-YTX were also detected. At day 32, P. reticulatum was killed by cooling to 1 degrees C (confirmed microscopically) and YTX concentrations were measured periodically under light and dark conditions. YTX concentrations decreased rapidly to approximately 10% of the initial concentration within the first 3 days and depleted to near zero within a week in the light treatment. In the dark environment, YTX persisted longer with approximately 10% of the initial YTX concentration still remaining after 18 days.     

贵州省森林覆盖与气温长期变化关系初探

通过对贵州省84个市县54a来的气温资料分析，讨论了20世纪50年代以来全球气候变暖的进程与贵州省各县气温长期变化的关系，发现森林覆盖对局地气候变暖可能有一定的制约影响。     

Occurrence and accumulation features of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and synthetic musk compounds in finless porpoises (Neophocaena phocaenoides) from Korean coastal waters

Reports of the occurrence and accumulation patterns of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and synthetic musk compounds (SMCs) in marine mammals are scarce. In this study, the concentrations and accumulation profiles of PAHs and SMCs were determined in blubber from finless porpoises in Korean coastal waters. Total concentrations of PAHs and SMCs ranged from 6.0 to 432 (mean: 160) ng/g lipid weight and from 17 to 144 (mean: 52) ng/g lipid weight, respectively. Residue levels of PAHs were lower than those reported from other studies, while residue levels of SMCs were relatively higher than those reported in other studies. Naphthalene was the most abundant PAH and HHCB was the dominant SMC observed in finless porpoises. The concentrations of PAHs and SMCs were not correlated with each other, but were significantly correlated within the same chemical groups. No correlations were found between body size and residue levels of PAHs and SMCs.