Provenance Study of Fe–Ti Oxide Minerals in the Quaternary Sediments in Yichang Area and Its Implication of Formation Time of the Yangtze Three Gorges, China

The Three Gorges are considered to be critical to understand the formation of Yangtze River. Recent research results suggest that the Yangtze Three Gorges was created during the Quaternary but the exact time is debatable. Fe–Ti oxide minerals are seldom used to study sediment provenance, expecially using scanning electron microscopy(SEM), and energy dispersive spectrometer(EDS). In this study, the provenance of Quaternary sediments in Yichang area, which is located to the east of the Yangtze Three Gorges, was investigated by using SEM and EDS to research Fe–Ti oxides. The Panzhihua vanadium titanomagnetite and Emeishan basalt outcrop are located to the west of the Three Gorges. Further, the materials from them are observed in the Quaternary sediments of Yichang area. Fe–Ti oxide minerals from the Huangling granite are observed in the Yunchi and Shanxiyao Formations, which were formed before 0.75 Ma B.P., whereas Fe–Ti oxide minerals from the Huangling granite, Panzhihua vanadium titanomagnetite, and Emeishan basalt are observed in the riverbed and fifth-terrace sediments of the Yangtze River, which were formed after 0.73 Ma B.P.. Thus, we can infer that the Three Gorges formed after the deposition of the Shanxi Formation and before the fifth-terrace; i.e., 0.75–0.73 Ma B.P..     

Early Carboniferous ophiolite in central Qiangtang,northern Tibet: record of an oceanic back-arc system in the Palaeo-Tethys Ocean

Zircon U–Pb dating of two samples of metagabbro from the Riwanchaka ophiolite yielded early Carboniferous ages of 354.4 ± 2.3 Ma and 356.7 ± 1.9 Ma. Their positive zircon εHf(t) values (+7.9 to +9.9) indicate that these rocks were derived from a relatively depleted mantle. The metagabbros can be considered as two types: R1 and R2. Both types are tholeiitic, with depletion of high-field-strength elements (HFSE) and enrichment of large-ion lithophile elements (LILE) similar to those of typical back-arc basin basalts (BABB), such as Mariana BABB and East Scotia Ridge BABB. Geochemical and isotopic characteristics indicate that the R1 metagabbro originated from a back-arc basin spreading ridge with addition of slab-derived fluids, whereas the R2 metagabbro was derived from a back-arc basin mantle source, with involvement of melts and fluids from subducted ocean crust. The Riwanchaka ophiolite exhibits both mid-ocean ridge basalts- and arc-like geochemical affinities, consistent with coeval ophiolites from central Qiangtang. Observations indicate that the Qiangtang ophiolites developed during the Late Devonian–early Carboniferous (D₃–C₁) in a back-arc spreading ridge above an intra-oceanic subduction zone. Based on our data and previous studies, we propose that an oceanic back-arc basin system existed in the Longmuco–Shuanghu–Lancang Palaeo-Tethys Ocean during the D₃–C₁ period.     

2019年马六甲地区红色精灵观测及母体雷暴分析

红色精灵是一种发生于闪电放电活跃的雷暴云上空的中高层大气瞬态发光现象,它们通常由中尺度对流系统层状云降水区内的强地闪回击产生,是对流层和中间层之间的一种能量耦合过程。目前,有关中国南海及东南亚地区的红色精灵观测鲜有报道。为了进一步了解热带地区产生红色精灵事件的沿海性雷暴特征,于2019年利用低光度光学观测系统和低频磁场天线在马来西亚马六甲地区开展了地基观测。实验于11月9日、12月11日和12月15日三次在沿海雷暴上空共捕捉到7例红色精灵事件,其中包括4例圆柱型、2例胡萝卜型和1例舞蹈型。结合闪电定位、云顶亮温和低频磁场信号等同步数据,分析表明所有事件均由正极性地闪回击产生,且母体闪电回击位于雷暴对流区附近（云顶亮温≤ 210 K处）,这可能是该地区产生红色精灵的沿海性雷暴的共同特征。此外,红色精灵生成期并不是闪电活动最强期,而是发生于闪电频数短暂降低后,这表明红色精灵的发生可能是该地区成熟雷暴中对流减弱的一个信号。     

POS系统辅助无人机正射影像快速制作

基于INPHO软件对无人机航摄数据进行正射影像快速制作,阐述了数字正射影像图的制作流程,并对影响最终成果质量的关键环节进行了方法改进,从而总结出了快速制作无人机高质量数字正射影像图的方法和技巧。     

基于PSR模型的地质遗迹景观脆弱性评价——以永福县为例

地质遗迹景观脆弱性是地质遗迹景观系统对人类活动和自然条件变化反映的重要指标,是评价地质遗迹景观可持续利用的重要指标。文章以永福县典型地质遗迹景观为例,运用地质遗迹景观脆弱性影响因素压力-状态-响应（PSR）模型,从压力、状态、响应3个层面选取17个评价指标,构建地质遗迹景观脆弱性评价指标体系,采用层次分析法（AHP）确定各项指标权重,并运用德尔菲专家咨询法建立5级地质遗迹景观脆弱性划分标准,最后通过综合评分法对永福县地质遗迹景观脆弱性进行评价。结果表明:永福县地质遗迹景观顶子山、小山峡评价值为16.797 0、19.142 1,属微度脆弱;福禄泉、石占溪瀑布评价值为 39.162 8、39.777 5,属低度脆弱;拉孝江、百寿河、板峡湖评价值为 58.546 5、52.330 5、 52.520 9,属中度脆弱;百寿岩、新村屯洞、永福岩评价值为 65.743 0、64.089 3、72.939 5,属高度脆弱,这与实地调查结果相吻合,反映出永福县地质遗迹现状,由此说明PSR模型评价地质遗迹景观脆弱性具有实用性。      

北极多年冻土区埋地输气管道周边温度场数值分析

以北极规划输气管道工程为依托,建立埋地管道与冻土热交换相互作用数值计算模型,探究了埋地管道在连续多年冻土区、非连续多年冻土区和季节冻土区内,按照不同操作温度(5、-1和-5℃)运行情况下管道周围冻土温度演化过程.计算结果表明:同一区域不同管温对冻土上限值影响差异较大,尤其是在非连续多年冻土区,无论管道是正温输送还是负温输送,由于管道的运营,极大地影响了冻土上限值.5℃正温管道将导致冻土上限下降1～3倍管径;-1℃和-5℃负温管道将有助于提高冻土人为上限.建议在连续多年冻土区管道采用-1℃输送温度;在非连续多年冻土区冬季采用-1℃输送温度,夏季可以是正温,接近环境大气温度,但全年输气平均温度要小于0℃;在季节冻土区,若按照负温输送,反而容易引起管基土冻胀,建议输气温度不作特别控制,与温带地区管道类似,正温输送.希望能够为北极多年冻土区天然气管道建设提供新的思路.     

金沙江“11·3”白格堰塞湖溃决洪水事件在奔子栏—石鼓段的地貌作用和沉积特征

古堰塞湖溃决洪水事件的重建是当前地学研究的热点问题之一,寻找足够的可参考的现代溃决洪水事件案例是顺利开展这项工作的基础。2018年11月13日发生在金沙江干流的白格堰塞湖超万年一遇的溃决洪水事件(学术界称之为“11·3”白格堰塞湖溃决洪水事件)就是一个难得的样本。这次溃决事件发生在枯水期,洪峰完全由溃决洪水产生,没有叠加其他来源,对评估流域地貌和沉积体系对堰塞溃决事件的响应有很好的参考价值。本文以溃决洪水事件受灾最为严重的奔子栏—石鼓段为研究区,通过详细的野外调查和初步的水力学估算发现“11·3”白格堰塞湖溃决洪水事件在奔子栏—石鼓段的地貌作用主要表现为洪水淹没区的岸坡塌岸和沉积物堆积,未发现明显的基岩侵蚀。沉积物主要由分选良好的具水平纹层的砂组成。受金沙江较低的河床比降影响,洪水产生的基底剪切应力较弱在27~142 N/m²,不能悬浮和搬运直径5 cm以上的砾石,也不能产生明显的磨蚀和冲(撞)击作用。在发生塌岸的部分段落,洪水沉积物中有砾石坠入,甚至会出现类似浊流沉积的层序。这些现象的发现对深入理解堰塞湖溃决洪水的复杂地貌过程和沉积特征有重要参考意义。     

基于陕西气象部门三级备件供应保障系统的库存模型

备件库存方案是影响气象观测设备可用性的重要因素。从设备保障中的实际问题出发,考虑陕西省保障结构层级和备件供应影响因素的情况下,基于METRIC模型(可修复备件管理多级法)基本原理,建立了陕西气象部门三级备件供应保障系统的库存模型。通过实例分析,给出了备件的期望短缺数,为保障部门制定备件供应方案和备件储备标准提供了依据。