考虑防灾减灾能力的洪涝灾害灾损率曲线构建——以里下河地区的李中镇为例

作为恢复力的重要内容之一,承灾体的防灾减灾能力是评估灾害经济损失的重要参考因素。根据在里下河地区李中镇调研所得数据,绘制初始灾损率散点图,构建了初始灾损率曲线;然后考虑防灾减灾能力因素,绘制实际的灾损率散点图和拟合曲线。结果显示：①在0.05的显著性水平下,住宅区、工业区、商业区、公共设施区和农业区五类承灾体财产的淹没水深与灾损率均存在乘幂函数关系。②考虑防灾减灾能力因素后,洪涝灾害对不同承灾体的经济损失有所减少。住宅区财产在淹没水深3 m时经济损失减少了34%,工业区在2 m时经济损失减少了17%,商业区在3 m时经济损失减少了24%,公共设施部门在2 m时经济损失减少了11%。防灾减灾能力因素对住宅区洪涝灾害经济损失的影响更加明显。本文作为有关灾损率曲线研究的有益补充,结果可为类似地区城镇的防灾减灾决策及灾害风险管理提供参考。     

歧北斜坡沙三段碎屑岩储集性能及其影响因素

基于物性、薄片、压汞、扫描电镜、X射线衍射等资料,分析了歧口凹陷歧北斜坡沙三段储集性能及其影响因素。结果表明:歧北斜坡沙三段主要发育以岩屑长石砂岩、长石岩屑砂岩为主的辫状河三角洲沉积体系,储集孔隙以粒间溶孔、粒内溶孔、铸膜孔等次生孔隙为主;碎屑岩储集物性受物源供给、沉积相带、成岩作用三大因素控制,物源供给与沉积相带主要控制浅层(3 000 m)碎屑岩原生储集性能,成岩作用与异常高压主要控制中深层(3 000 m)碎屑岩次生储集孔隙。多种因素共同作用促使沙三段纵向上发育了4个异常孔隙带,生成了油气储集成藏的重要目标层段。     

Isolation of prawn (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Exopalaemon carinicauda</Emphasis>) lipopolysaccharide and β-1, 3-glucan binding protein gene and its expression in responding to bacterial and viral infections

The pattern recognition proteins (PRPs) play a major role in immune response of crustacean to resist pathogens. In the present study, as one of PRPs, lipopolysaccharide and β-1, 3-glucan binding protein (LGBP) gene in the ridge tail white prawn (Exopalaemon carinicauda) (EcLGBP) was isolated. The full-length cDNA of EcLGBP was 1338 bp, encoding a polypeptide of 366 amino acid residules. The deduced amino acid sequence of EcLGBP shared high similarities with LGBP and BGBP from other crustaceans. Some conservative domains were predicted in EcLGBP sequence. EcLGBP constitutively expressed in most tissues at different levels, and the highest expression was observed in hepatopancreas. With infection time, the cumulative mortality increased gradually followed by the proliferation of Vibrio parahaemolyticus and white spot syndrome virus (WSSV). The expression of EcLGBP in response to V. parahaemolyticus infection was up-regulated in hemocytes and hepatopancreas, and the up-regulation in hepatopancreas was earlier than that in hemocytes. EcLGBP expression after WSSV infection increased at 3 h, then significantly decreased in both hemocytes and hepatopancreas. The results indicated that EcLGBP was involved in the immune defense against bacterial and viral infections.     

多向观测电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法同时测定土壤和水系沉积物中常量和微量元素

采用电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法同时测定土壤和水系沉积物样品中Al、Fe、Ca、Mg、K、Na、P、Ba、Be、Cd、Ce、Co、Cr、Cu、Li、Mn、Mo、Ni、Pb、Ti、V、W、Zn等23个常量和微量元素。各元素选择光谱干扰少、准确度高的多向观测方式(轴向、径向、轴向衰减、径向衰减),结合多元光谱拟合技术校正光谱干扰,改善方法的检出限及精密度。结果表明,方法的回收率为94.0%~103.4%,精密度(RSD,n=10)低于3.0%。方法经国家一级标准物质验证,测定值与标准值基本相符。     

Relationship between oriental migratory locust plague and soil moisture extracted from MODIS data

Locust plagues have been the source of some of the most severe natural disasters in human history. Soil moisture content is among the most important of the numerous factors influencing plague onset and severity. This paper describes a study initiated in three pilot locust plague monitoring regions, i.e., Huangzao, Yangguanzhuang, and Tengnan in Huanghua county, Hebei province, China, to examine the impact of soil moisture status on oriental migratory locust [Locusta migratoria manilensis (L.) Meyen] plague breakout as related to the life cycle, oviposition in autumn, survival in winter, and incubation in summer. Thirty-nine temperature vegetation dryness index (TVDI) data sets, which represent soil moisture content, were extracted from MODIS remote sensing images for two representative time periods: a severe locust plague breakout year (2001–2002) and a slight plague year (2003–2004). TVDI values demonstrated distinctive soil moisture status differences between the 2 years concerned. Soil moisture conditions in the severe plague year were shown to be lower than those in slight plague year. In all three pilot regions, average TVDI value in the severe plague year was 0.07 higher than that in slight plague year, and monthly TVDI values in locust oviposition period (September and October) and incubation period (March, April and May) were higher than their corresponding monthly figures in slight plague year. No remarkable TVDI differences were found in other months during the locust life cycle between the 2 years. TVDI values for September and October (2001), March, April and May (2002) were 0.11, 0.08, 0.16, 0.11 and 0.16 higher than their corresponding monthly figures in 2003–2004 period, respectively.     

华北克拉通构造活化的动力学机制与模型

在分析现有华北克拉通构造活化动力学机制研究成果和资料的基础上,简要讨论了两类可导致华北克拉通减薄的动力学机制:"热侵蚀"减薄机制和"拆沉"减薄机制。指出了与这两类动力学机制所相应的科学理论,即Rayleigh-Benard非稳定性理论和Rayleigh-Taylor非稳定性理论。考虑到这两类科学理论的局限性,建议采用孔隙波在大陆岩石圈内传质传热模型描述华北克拉通构造活化动力学机制的量变过程(即能量积累过程),同时进一步完善和修正现有的Rayleigh-Benard非稳定性理论和Rayleigh-Taylor非稳定性理论,为实现在空间和时间上定量化重现华北克拉通构造活化动力学过程的数值仿真创造必要的条件。     

基于空间聚类的物流配送决策研究

分析了地理信息系统与车辆运输导航、物流配送的结合并形成空间决策的过程,提出了一种基于城市道路距离的两次空间聚类的实现框架和算法思想,并以烟草企业的物流配送为例进行了验证.     

沙澧河流域致洪预警系统设计与应用

沙澧河流域致洪预警系统基于中小河流致洪预警气象服务需求,以气象与水文相结合,应用地理信息(GIS)先进技术,利用气象常规数据、地面自动雨量站资料、数值模式、卫星雷达资料及水文雨量、水位数据等资料,运用动力学诊断和统计分析、多元线性回归方法、模式输出法、相似预报等方法,输出暴雨和水位增量预报模型。该系统通过C/C++语言编程,集气象水文信息显示分析、数据库、预报模型和用户界面于一体,建立了涵盖流域暴雨预报、水位增量监测预测、洪涝灾害预警服务等多功能的可视化业务技术平台。在本地基层台站首次将气象和水文两个学科结合,建立降水、水文和洪涝数据库;首次对沙澧河流域进行暴雨形势分型,并建立流域暴雨预报模型;首次建立沙澧河流域五大水库水位增量预报模型。自系统运行以来,成功对沙澧河流域出现的几次致洪暴雨进行了预警,服务效果明显。     

新疆艾比湖湖泊沉积物元素地球化学记录及其生态环境意义

在对新疆艾比湖近代岩芯沉积物元素地球化学特征分析基础上,结合数理统计学方法对元素的来源及其反映的环境演变历史进行了探讨,最后利用Hakanson潜在生态危害指数法对岩芯表层沉积物中重金属的潜在生态危害进行了评估。结果表明：艾比湖岩芯沉积物中元素组成基本可以分为3类：第1类元素包括Fe、Mn、V、Ni、Li、Cr、K、Al、Co、P、Ti、Be、Pb、Cu、Ba和Zn,主要来源于流域陆源碎屑物,受流域侵蚀强度等因素影响,其中,Co、Cr、Cu、Ni、Pb、V、Zn等重金属以及营养元素P的富集系数1875-2011年由于受人类活动影响发生了较为明显的变化;结合重金属和营养元素P的富集系数有序聚类分析,以23 cm（1960年）为界可将艾比湖流域环境演变历史分为差异明显的两个阶段：（Ⅰ）1875-1960年,流域社会发展程度较低,人类活动导致的重金属输入少,流域环境主要受区域自然变化的影响;（Ⅱ）1960年至今,随着人口的增加,经济发展工农业活动增强,尤其是农业用水量增加,大多数重金属元素和P相对于前期有较为明显的增加。第2类元素有Mg和Na,主要来源于湖泊水中蒸发盐类结晶;由于绿洲农业的发展和灌溉用水的增加,在气候变化和人类活动的共同影响下,湖泊水位发生了剧烈的波动,造成Mg、Na等元素的波动变化。第3类元素包括Ca和Sr,受流域易溶元素风化淋溶作用控制。艾比湖沉积物中Co、Cr、Cu、Ni、Pb、V、Zn等7种重金属的潜在生态危害程度Ni（4.7） > Pb（4.6） > Cu（4.2） > Co（2.6） > Cr（1.7）=V（1.7） > Zn（1.1）,7种重金属均属于低生态风险。