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161.
Measurements of the strengths of the diffuse interstellar bands at 4430, 5780 and 5797 Å show that the bands tend to be week with respect to extinction in dense interstellar clouds. Data on 10 stars in the ? Ophiuchi cloud complex show further that the diffuse band-producing efficiency of the grains decreases systematically with increasing grain size. It is concluded that the diffuse bands are not formed in the mantles which accrete on the grains in interstellar clouds, but that they could be produced in the cores of grains or in some molecular species. 相似文献
162.
Development of microbial carbonates in the Lower Cretaceous Codó Formation (north‐east Brazil): Implications for interpretation of microbialite facies associations and palaeoenvironmental conditions
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Anelize M. Bahniuk Sylvia Anjos Almério B. França Nilo Matsuda John Eiler Judith A. Mckenzie Crisogono Vasconcelos 《Sedimentology》2015,62(1):155-181
The study of microbial carbonates has acquired new significance with the recognition that they retain valuable information related to biomineralization processes associated with microbial activity throughout geological time. Additionally, microbialites have a demonstrated economic potential to serve as excellent hydrocarbon reservoirs. The Lower Cretaceous Codó Formation, located in the Parnaiba Basin of north‐east Brazil, comprises a unique stratigraphic sequence of up to 20 m thick, well‐preserved carbonate microbialites. Deposited in a continental basin during the initial break up and separation of South America from Africa in the Early Cretaceous, this lacustrine carbonate sequence provides an excellent example to investigate the palaeoenvironmental conditions controlling microbialite facies development. Based on macroscopic and microscopic observations of outcrop and drill core samples, four microbialite facies (stromatolite, lamina, massive and spherulite) were defined and distinguished by textures and microbial fossil content. Changes in facies type are related to alternating palaeo‐water depths, as reflected by 87Sr/86Sr cycles resulting from fluctuations in the sources of meteoric water. Clumped isotope measurements of stromatolitic fabrics yield precipitation palaeo‐temperatures with an average value of 35°C. The δ18O values of bulk carbonate (?6·8 to ?1·5‰ Vienna Pee Dee Belemnite) imply precipitation from water with calculated δ18O values between ?1·6‰ and 1·8‰ Vienna Standard Mean Ocean Water, reflecting precipitation from variably modified meteoric waters. The δ13C values of bulk carbonate (?15·5 to ?7·2‰ Vienna Pee Dee Belemnite) indicate a significant input of carbon derived from aerobic or anaerobic respiration of organic matter. Combined, the data indicate that the evolution of the Codó Formation occurred in a closed lacustrine palaeoenvironment with alternating episodes of contracting and expanding lake levels, which led to the development of specific microbialite facies associations. The results provide new insights into palaeoenvironmental settings, biogenicity and early diagenetic processes involved in the formation of ancient carbonate microbialites and, by extension, improve the knowledge of the reservoir geology of correlative units in deep waters offshore Brazil. 相似文献
163.
During the mid‐Holocene, the first large‐scale civilizations emerged in lower alluvial systems after a marked decrease in sea‐level rise at 7–6 kyr. We show that as the landscapes of deltas and lower alluvial plains adjusted to this decrease in the rate of relative sea‐level rise, the abundance and location of resources available for human exploitation changed as did the network of waterways. This dynamic environmental evolution contributed to archaeological changes in the three fluvio‐deltaic settings considered herein: Egypt, Mesopotamia, and the Huang He in China. Specifically, an increase in the scale and intensity of agricultural practice, and the focussing of power toward a single city can be interpreted as responses to these environmental changes. Other archaeological observations, and the cultural trajectories leading to the formation of the Primary States also need to be considered in light of these evolving landscapes. 相似文献
164.
This study uses a series of scenarios of wave (boundary) and wind (local) forcing to examine the sensitivity and to quantify
the effects associated with nesting ProWAM and POLCOMS models for downscaling predictions of waves in the Irish Sea. The model
results show that the response of the modelling system to the wave and wind forcing during the downscaling varies widely depending
on wind conditions. Generally, the wave forcing has a greater effect on overall wave prediction in most of the Irish Sea,
except for the eastern Irish Sea/Liverpool Bay. The study also suggests detailed look-up tables at specific locations to quantify
the impacts of the different forcing scenarios over the Irish Sea, which can be readily extended to the location on any other
sites. 相似文献
165.
We revisit the surge of November 1977, a storm event which caused damage on the Sefton coast in NW England. A hindcast has been made with a coupled surge-tide-wave model, to investigate whether a wave-dependent surface drag is necessary for accurate surge prediction, and also if this can be represented by an optimised Charnock parameter. The Proudman Oceanographic Laboratory Coastal Modelling System-Wave Model (POLCOMS-WAM) has been used to model combined tides, surges, waves and wave-current interaction in the Irish Sea on a 1.85 km grid. This period has been previously thoroughly studied, e.g. Jones and Davies [Jones, J.E., Davies, A.M., 1998. Storm surge computations for the Irish Sea using a three-dimensional numerical model including wave-current interaction. Continental Shelf Research 18(2), 201–251] and we build upon this previous work to validate the POLCOMS-WAM model to test the accuracy of surge elevation predictions in the study area. A one-way nested approach has been set up from larger scale models to the Irish Sea model. It was demonstrated that (as expected) swell from the North Atlantic does not have a significant impact in the eastern Irish Sea. To capture the external surge generated outside of the Irish Sea a (1/9° by 1/6°) model extending beyond the continental shelf edge was run using the POLCOMS model for tide and surge. 相似文献
166.
Domestic wells in North America and elsewhere are typically constructed at relatively shallow depths and with the sand or gravel pack extending far above the intake screen of the well (shallow well seal). The source areas of these domestic wells and the effect of an extended gravel pack on the source area are typically unknown, and few resources exist for estimating these. In this article, we use detailed, high-resolution ground water modeling to estimate the capture zone (source area) of a typical domestic well located in an alluvial aquifer. Results for a wide range of aquifer and gravel pack hydraulic conductivities are compared to a simple analytical model. Correction factors for the analytical model are computed based on statistical regression of the numerical results against the analytical model. This tool can be applied to estimate the source area of a domestic well for a wide range of conditions. We show that an extended gravel pack above the well screen may contribute significantly to the overall inflow to a domestic well, especially in less permeable aquifers, where that contribution may range from 20% to 50% and that an extended gravel pack may lead to a significantly elongated capture zone, in some instances, nearly doubling the length of the capture zone. Extending the gravel pack much above the intake screen therefore significantly increases the vulnerability of the water source. 相似文献
167.
Judith Wang Xiangwu Zeng D.A. Gasparini 《Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering》2008,28(4):258-276
A proposed method for mitigating ground-borne vibration generated by high-speed trains is the usage of rubber-modified asphalt concrete as a ballast mat material. To gauge this material's influence in vibration control, a dynamic finite element code that models distinct damping properties in a large, nonhomogenous system was created. A linear hysteretic damping model is used to capture the dissipative mechanisms of each material; frequency domain substructuring is used for computational efficiency. Vibratory responses utilizing different ballast mat materials in a high-speed rail foundation are compared. It is shown that rubber-modified asphalt concrete results in a general reduction of motion, particularly in directions horizontally parallel and perpendicular to the train's passage. The described modeling procedure may be used for any dynamic analysis where the preservation of material damping characteristics is desired. 相似文献
168.
Essowè Panassa J. Magdalena Santana-Casiano Melchor González-Dávila Mario Hoppema Steven M.A.C van Heuven Christoph Völker Dieter Wolf-Gladrow Judith Hauck 《Ocean Dynamics》2018,68(3):295-308
Antarctic Intermediate Water (AAIW) formation constitutes an important mechanism for the export of macronutrients out of the Southern Ocean that fuels primary production in low latitudes. We used quality-controlled gridded data from five hydrographic cruises between 1990 and 2014 to examine decadal variability in nutrients and dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) in the AAIW (neutral density range 27 < γ n <? 27.4) along the Prime Meridian. Significant positive trends were found in DIC (0.70 ± 0.4 μmol kg??1 year??1) and nitrate (0.08 ± 0.06 μ mol kg??1 year??1) along with decreasing trends in temperature (??0.015 ± 0.01°C year??1) and salinity (??0.003 ± 0.002 year??1) in the AAIW. Accompanying this is an increase in apparent oxygen utilization (AOU, 0.16 ± 0.07 μ mol kg??1 year??1). We estimated that 75% of the DIC change has an anthropogenic origin. The remainder of the trends support a scenario of a strengthening of the upper-ocean overturning circulation in the Atlantic sector of the Southern Ocean in response to the positive trend in the Southern Annular Mode. A decrease in net primary productivity (more nutrients unutilized) in the source waters of the AAIW could have contributed as well but cannot fully explain all observed changes. 相似文献
169.
Information theory is the basis for understanding how information is transmitted as observations. Observation data can be used to compare uncertainty on parameter estimates and predictions between models. Jacobian Information (JI) is quantified as the determinant of the weighted Jacobian (sensitivity) matrix. Fisher Information (FI) is quantified as the determinant of the weighted FI matrix. FI measures the relative disorder of a model (entropy) in a set of models. One‐dimensional models are used to demonstrate the relationship between JI and FI, and the resulting uncertainty on estimated parameter values and model predictions for increasing model complexity, different model structures, different boundary conditions, and over‐fitted models. Greater model complexity results in increased JI accompanied by an increase in parameter and prediction uncertainty. FI generally increases with increasing model complexity unless model error is large. Models with lower FI have a higher level of disorder (increase in entropy) which results in greater uncertainty of parameter estimates and model predictions. A constant‐head boundary constrains the heads in the area near the boundary, reducing sensitivity of simulated equivalents to estimated parameters. JI and FI are lower for this boundary condition as compared to a constant‐outflow boundary in which the heads in the area of the boundary can adjust freely. Complex, over‐fitted models, in which the structure of the model is not supported by the observation dataset, result in lower JI and FI because there is insufficient information to estimate all parameters in the model. 相似文献
170.
A primary goal of earthquake engineering is to protect society from the possible negative consequences of future earthquakes. Conventionally, this goal has been achieved indirectly by reducing seismic damage of the built environment through better building codes, or more comprehensibly, by minimizing seismic risk. However, the effect that building damage has on occupants is not explicitly taken into account while designing infrastructure. Consequently, this paper introduces a conceptual framework and numerical algorithm to assess earthquake risk on building occupants during seismic events, considering the evacuation process of the structure. The framework combines probabilistic seismic hazard analysis, inelastic structural response analysis and damage assessment, and couples these results with the response of evacuating agents. The results are cast as probability distributions of variables that measure the overall performance of the system (e.g., evacuation times, number of injured people, and repair costs) for specific time windows. As a testbed, the framework was applied to the response of a reinforced concrete frame building that exemplifies the use of all steps of the methodology. The results suggest that this seismic risk evaluation framework of structural systems that combine the response of a physical model with human agents can be extended to a wide variety of other situations, including the assessment of mitigation actions in communities and people to improve their earthquake resilience. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献