Scattering parameters of the lithosphere below the Massif Central, France, from teleseismic wavefield records

Teleseismic P -wave recordings are analysed in the frequency range 0.3–6  Hz to derive structural (statistical) parameters of the lithosphere underneath the French Massif Central. For this we analyse differences in frequency-dependent intensities of the mean wavefield and the fluctuation wavefield. It is possible to discriminate a weak fluctuation regime of the wavefield in the frequency range below 1  Hz and a strong fluctuation regime starting above 1  Hz and continuing to higher frequencies. The observed wavefield fluctuations in the frequency range 0.3–3  Hz can be explained by scattering of the teleseismic P wave front at elastic inhomogeneities in the lithosphere. A statistical distribution of the inhomogeneities is assumed and the concept of random media is applied. The lithospheric structure under the Massif Central can be described as a 70  km thick heterogeneous layer with velocity fluctuations of 3–7 per cent and correlation lengths of the heterogeneities of 1–16  km.     

A model approach for in- and outflow calculation of upper lake constance: —An investigation of a 60 year time span and observations about the flood of 1999

The revised empirical model for in- and outflow calculation of Upper Lake Constance has provided satisfying results supported by measured values. The given model was implemented to simulate total water inputs of the lake during the period from 1941 to 2000 with emphasis on the flood conditions of 1999. Analysis of annual water input development reveals a tendency toward slight increases until the 1960s. Thereafter, a reduction in inputs can be noted. This trend probably continues to hold true to present. Weather conditions of given individual years have caused distinct fluctuations to the water budget.Unusual meteorological conditions led to extreme flooding in early May of 1999. Daily water inputs of up to 200 mio m³ generated the highest water levels ever observed for this time of the year. Continual extraordinarily high water inputs occurring from February until July and then again from September until the end of 1999 resulted in the second largest annual total water input recorded since 1941.     

On the recording characteristics of the original Wiechert seismographs at Göttingen (Germany)

The mechanical, automatically recording seismological instruments developed by Emil Wiechert in Göttingen at the beginning of the 20th century are still in use today. I comparethe recording characteristics of these seismographswith a modern, electrodynamic MARK L4-3D instrument. The frequency-dependent transfer functions are determined and used to restitute the`true' ground displacement. The displacement waveforms at the different instruments are well correlated at frequencies between 0.05 and 4.0 Hz.Amplitudes differ by a factor of less than two. This is sufficientfor the determination of seismological magnitudes which are defined on a logarithmicbasis. The timing accuracy is less favourable due to theslow recording speed on the smoked paper. However, relativetime differences within one second may be resolved, allowing the use of variousmodern seismological interpretation techniques.     

Creep stress analysis of frozen soils under multiaxial states of stress

Creep behaviour of the so called Emscher-Marl is investigated in uniaxial compression tests under a temperature of −10°C. Similar to the results of creep tests published elsewhere, it is shown that the secondary creep controls the deformation. In cases of stationary creep the material behaves like a nonlinear elasto-viscous Maxwell fluid. Assuming no hydrostatic pressure effect, the power law applied to the uniaxial case can be transformed to multiaxial states of stress. For structures of frozen soil with a long-term deformation process Norton's power relationship between stress and rate of steady flow leads to reasonable results. As a numerical solution a finite-element computer program in connection with incremental procedure is developed for treatment of creep problems in groundfreezing technology. The calculation of a simply supported beam demonstrates the important influence of the high nonlinearity in stress and strain for frozen soils.     

Die Bedeutung der vertikalen Durchmischung für die phytoplanktische Sauerstoffproduktion in einem gestauten Fliessgewässer

Measured oxygen concentrations over the depth in an impounded river showed considerable vertical gradients. Their numerical calculation based on concepts to be found in the literature was yet not possible. For assessing the signification of the mixing over the depth for the phytoplanktic oxygen production a mathematical concept will be developped. This enables the quantification of the influence of the turbulence dependent permanent light-dark changes upon the phytoplanktic production. The results lead to the conclusion that the mixing processes may have a stimulating effect upon the algae which rises their photosynthetic production by a factor from about 2 up to 4.     

Simulating the Taipei basin response by numerical modeling of wave propagation

Taipei, the capital of Taiwan, suffered from destructive earthquakes four times during the 20th century (M _L = 7.3 on April 15, 1909; M _L = 6.8 on November 15, 1986; the Chi–Chi M _L = 7.3 earthquake on September 21, 1999; and M _L = 6.8 on March 31, 2002). Analysis of recorded data shows a strong dependence of spectral amplification in the Taipei Basin on earthquake depth and azimuth. At low frequencies (f < 3 Hz) significant larger amplifications are observed for shallow earthquakes as compared to intermediate depth events. The former ones also display strong azimuthal dependence. As structures with large response periods such as bridges and tall buildings are sensitive to these low frequencies the understanding of the associated wave effects within the basin and their role for site effect amplification is critical. The tool we employ is 3D finite-difference modeling of wave propagation of incident wave fronts. The available detailed model of the basin allows studying the wave effects. Modeling clearly reveals that basin edge effects as observed in data are related to surface wave generation at the basin edges with a high degree of azimuthal dependency. The reproduced site amplification effects are in qualitative agreement with the observations from strong motion data.     

Das Migmatitgebiet des „Winnebachgranits” (Ötztal-Tirol) als Beispiel einer petrotektonischen Analyse

Zusammenfassung Eine petrotektonische Untersuchung des Migmatits und Granits vom Winnebach und seiner Rahmengesteine ergibt, daß die flächigen und linearen Parallelgefüge im Granitisationsbereich Amplatzgefüge sind, die sich von denen des Rahmens lediglich durch weitere Ausgestaltung unterscheiden (z. B. statt flachwelliger Faltung in den Rahmengesteinen polytrope Migmatitfalten nach gleichorientierten B-Achsen), wobei die im Migmatit erfolgte Umkristallisation von Quarz, Feldspat und Glimmer insofern Abbildungskristallisation ist, als schon im Rahmengestein vorhandenes s erhalten bleibt. Vier verschiedene Deformationspläne werden unterschieden, die im gesamten Untersuchungsbereich immer wieder zu begegnen sind, während die einzelnen Homogenbereiche in bezug auf jeweils einen Plan sehr klein sind. Der bei Betrachtung der einzelnen Kleinbereiche nicht einen einheitlichen abc-Plan abbildenden, aber sehr symmetriekonstanten Formung von Hülle und Granit, steht die anhaltende Gefügebildung nach sämtlichen Einzelplänen in der Zeitspanne der Migmatisation gegenüber. Für einen Plan (P 1) wird eine zeitlich-räumliche Gliederung der Migmatisation wahrscheinlich gemacht. In Einzeluntersuchungen wird z. B. auf die Ermittlung von mit Glimmer besetzten Flächen in Quarz (S. 53 ff.) und auf bestimmtes, für tektonische Entmischung sprechendes Verhalten von Glimmer (S. 58 ff.) eingegangen.Mit 20 Textabbildungen, 7 Tafeln und 1 Kartenbeilage