Multimass spherical structure models for N-body simulations

We present a simple and efficient method to set up spherical structure models for N -body simulations with a multimass technique. This technique reduces by a substantial factor the computer run time needed in order to resolve a given scale as compared to single-mass models. It therefore allows to resolve smaller scales in N -body simulations for a given computer run time. Here, we present several models with an effective resolution of up to  1.68 × 10⁹  particles within their virial radius which are stable over cosmologically relevant time-scales. As an application, we confirm the theoretical prediction by Dehnen that in mergers of collisionless structures like dark matter haloes always the cusp of the steepest progenitor is preserved. We model each merger progenitor with an effective number of particles of approximately 10⁸ particles. We also find that in a core–core merger the central density approximately doubles whereas in the cusp–cusp case the central density only increases by approximately 50 per cent. This may suggest that the central regions of flat structures are better protected and get less energy input through the merger process.     

Constrained free space diagrams: a tool for trajectory analysis

Time plays an important role in the analysis of moving object data. For many applications it is not sufficient to only compare objects at exactly the same times, or to consider only the geometry of their trajectories. We show how to leverage between these two approaches by extending a tool from curve analysis, namely the free space diagram. Our approach also allows us to take further attributes of the objects like speed or direction into account. We demonstrate the usefulness of the new tool by applying it to the problem of detecting single file movement. A single file is a set of moving entities, which are following each other, one behind the other. Our algorithm is the first one developed for detecting such movement patterns. For this application, we analyse demonstrate the performance of our tool both theoretically experimentally.     

A Surface-Layer Study of the Transport and Dissipation of Turbulent Kinetic Energy and the Variances of Temperature,Humidity and CO$$_$$

We discuss scalar similarities and dissimilarities based on analysis of the dissipation terms in the variance budget equations, considering the turbulent kinetic energy and the variances of temperature, specific humidity and specific CO\(_2\) content. For this purpose, 124 high-frequency sampled segments are selected from the Boundary Layer Late Afternoon and Sunset Turbulence experiment. The consequences of dissipation similarity in the variance transport are also discussed and quantified. The results show that, for the convective atmospheric surface layer, the non-dimensional dissipation terms can be expressed in the framework of Monin–Obukhov similarity theory and are independent of whether the variable is temperature or moisture. The scalar similarity in the dissipation term implies that the characteristic scales of the atmospheric surface layer can be estimated from the respective rate of variance dissipation, the characteristic scale of temperature, and the dissipation rate of temperature variance.     

Which are the most luminous objects in the universe?

Using the Eddington luminosity function as well as observational results, it was shown that the supernovae of type II are the most luminous objects in the universe while emitting prompt neutrinos in their early collapsing phase.     

Finite element method for time-dependent problems of frozen soils

Ground freezing technology is favoured in civil engineering, mainly in tunnelling. The time-dependent material characteristics in the form of creep control the bearing capacity of any frozen earth support system. The finite element method in connection with an initial strain algorithm is able to include these effects. The information about stress redistribution and deformation rate is important for an economic design. Case histories of different tunnel linings in frozen soil and two other examples of realized projects show the usefulness of such a procedure.     

Eine Sulfidparagenese mit kupferhaltigem Zonarpyrit von Nukundamu/Fiji

Zusammenfassung Von der bisher kaum bekannten Cu-Zn-Lagerstätte Nukundamu auf Vanua Levu/Fiji wird eine Sulfidparagenese mit Pyrit, Markasit, Idait, Covellin, Wurtzit, Zinkblende, Luzonit und Bleiglanz mit dem Erzmikroskop und der Elektronen-Mikrosonde untersucht. Anlaß der Untersuchung waren die bemerkenswert grobtafeligen Idait- und Zinkblende-Wurtzit-Aggregate und die Bravoit-ähnlichen Zonarpyrite, die statt Ni oder Co bis maximal 10 Gew.-% Cu in offenbar fester Lösung zeigen. Eine vorlufige Zuordnung des Vorkommens zur meso- bis epithermalen Kupfer-Arsenformation der subvulkanischen Abfolge bei deutlicher Tendenz zu verkieselten Subvulkangesteinen mit Pyrit-Imprägnationen ist angezeigt.

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From the little known copper-zinc-deposit Nukundamu in Vanua Levu/Fiji a paragenesis of pyrite, marcasite, idaite, covellite, wurtzite, sphalerite, luzonite and galena is described by means of oremicroscope and electron probe microanalysis. The examination of this material was undertaken because of the remarkably coarse and clear aggregates of idaite and sphalerite-wurtzite, as well as the zoned pyrite which revealed a copper content of up to 10 weight percent, apparently in solid solution. A preliminary classification of the prospect as a meso-, respectively epithermal arsenic copper-sulfide deposit of subvolcanic origin with a distinct transition to silicified effusive rocks showing disseminated pyrite is indicated.

     

Zum Tode von August Schmauß

Ohne Zusammenfassung     

The graininess of dark matter haloes

We use the recently completed one billion particle Via Lactea II Λ cold dark matter simulation to investigate local properties like density, mean velocity, velocity dispersion, anisotropy, orientation and shape of the velocity dispersion ellipsoid, as well as the structure in velocity space of dark matter haloes. We show that at the same radial distance from the halo centre, these properties can deviate by orders of magnitude from the canonical, spherically averaged values, a variation that can only be partly explained by triaxiality and the presence of subhaloes. The mass density appears smooth in the central relaxed regions but spans four orders of magnitude in the outskirts, both because of the presence of subhaloes as well as of underdense regions and holes in the matter distribution. In the inner regions, the local velocity dispersion ellipsoid is aligned with the shape ellipsoid of the halo. This is not true in the outer parts where the orientation becomes more isotropic. The clumpy structure in local velocity space of the outer halo cannot be well described by a smooth multivariate normal distribution. Via Lactea II also shows the presence of cold streams made visible by their high 6D phase space density. Generally, the structure of dark matter haloes shows a high degree of graininess in phase space that cannot be described by a smooth distribution function.