Application of Radar Reflectivity Factor in Initializing Cloud-Resolving Mesoscale Model. Part Ⅰ: Retrieval of Microphysical Elements and Vertical Velocity

Assuming that cloud reaches static state in the warm microphysical processes, water vapor mixing ratio(qv), cloud water mixing ratio (qc), and vertical velocity (w) can be calculated from rain water mixing ratio (qr)- Through relation of Z-qr, qr can be retrieved by radar reflectivity factor (Z). Retrieval results indicate that the distributions of mixing ratios of vapor, cloud, rain, and vertical velocity are consistent with radar images, and the three-dimensional spatial structure of the convective cloud is presented. Treating q,v saturated at the echo area, the retrieved qr is about 0.1 g kg-1, qc is always less than 0.3 g kg-1, w is usually below 0.5 m s-1, and rain droplet terminal velocity (vr) is around 5.0 m s-1 in the place where radar reflectivity factor is about 25 dBz; in the place where echo is 45 dBz, the retrieved qr and qc are always about 3.0 g kg-1, w is greater than 5.0 m s-1, and vr is around 7.0 m s-1. In the vertical, the maximum updraft velocity is greater than 3.0 m s-1 at the height of around 5.0 kin, the maximum cloud water content is about 3.0 g kg-1 above 5 km and the maximum rain water content is about 3.0 g kg-1 below 6 kin. Due to the assumption that the cloud is in static state, there will be some errors in the retrieved variables within the clouds which axe rapidly growing or dying-out, and in such cases, more sophisticated radar data control technique will help to improve the retrieval results.     

Improvement of the Surface Pressure Operator in GRAPES and Its Application in Precipitation Forecasting in South China

In this study we investigated the problems involved in assimilating surface pressure in the current global and regional assimilation and prediction system, GRAPES. A new scheme of assimilating surface pressure was proposed, including a new interpolation scheme and a refreshed background covariance. The new scheme takes account of the differences between station elevation and model topography, and it especially deals with stations located at elevations below that of the first model level. Contrast experiments were conducted using both the original and the new assimilation schemes. The influence of the new interpolation scheme and the updated background covariance were investigated. Our results show that the new interpolation scheme utilized more observations and improved the quality of the mass analysis. The background covariance was refreshed using statistics resulting from the technique proposed by Parrish and Derber in 1992. Experiments show that the updated vertical covariance may have a positive influence on the analysis at higher levels of the atmosphere when assimilating surface pressure. This influence may be more significant if the quality of the background field at high levels is poor. A series of assimilation experiments were performed to test the validity of the new scheme. The corresponding simulation experiments were conducted using the analysis of both schemes as initial conditions. The results indicated that the new scheme leads to better forecasting of sea level pressure and precipitation in South China, especially the forecast of moderate and heavy rain.     

多普勒雷达风场信息变分同化的试验研究

文中试验研究了一个在三维变分框架中直接同化多普勒天气雷达信息,获取雷达覆盖范围内大气风场的技术方案。径向风速是多普勒天气雷达数据中可直接被三维变分同化系统用来反演大气风场的唯一信息。由于风矢量有二或三个分量,径向风速作为风矢量的一个分量,不能为反演风矢量提供足够的信息。如果三维变分同化系统仅仅同化径向风速,所存在的不确定性将可能会给所反演的风场带来错误。文中提出的方案,不仅同化雷达径向风速,还同化雷达回波的移动信息,其关键是将雷达回波强度时空变化转换成一个新的雷达观测变量———雷达“视风速”。由于“视风速”是包含风场信息的变量,这在三维变分同化系统中增加了风场探测信息。通过联合利用“视风速”和径向风速,由单一径向风速确定风矢量所带来的不确定性可以被克服。使用中国气象科学研究院数值预报研究中心开发的三维变分同化系统(GRAPES-3Dvar)和广东省新一代天气雷达的监测资料进行了实例试验,结果表明本技术方案能够对获取大气系统结构是有用和有效的,也可用于形成模式初始场,这对中尺度天气预报是有作用的。     

热带气旋路径数值模式业务试验性能分析

在中国气象局数值预报创新基地开发的GRAPES基础上,建立了热带气旋路径预报系统(GRAPES-TCM)。并对2002、2003年热带气旋进行了一系列时间为48 h的路径后报试验,对2004年的热带气旋路径进行准业务预报。针对热带气旋路径预报的分析表明,GRAPES-TCM对热带气旋路径具有良好的预报能力。比较了2004年GRAPES-TCM准业务预报同北京数值预报和日本数值预报的结果,GRAPES-TCM的预报结果比北京的好,与日本数值预报相比仍有较大的差距。GRAPES-TCM计算的总的热带气旋24、48 h平均距离误差大约为150、250 km。GRAPES-TCM计算的热带气旋路径的平均距离误差随着其初始强度的增强而减小,台风级的热带气旋路径的24 h平均距离误差仅为111 km,48 h平均距离误差也在210 km左右,与此同时,预报的强热带风暴的24和48 h平均距离误差则为166.6和242.6 km。GRAPES-TCM后报的"突然转向"和"突然变速"热带气旋的平均距离误差24 h达到280 km,48 h则在300 km左右,超过其总的平均距离误差。对于"回旋"路径的热带气旋也有一定的预报能力。对不同分辨率的对比试验结果表明,提高GRAPES-TCM的分辨率可为稍长时间的热带气旋路径预报提供更为可靠的结果,2004年的热带气旋路径预报的48 h平均距离误差不到200 km。     

Study on ETKF-Based Initial Perturbation Scheme for GRAPES Global Ensemble Prediction

Initial perturbation scheme is one of the important problems for ensemble prediction. In this paper, ensemble initial perturbation scheme for Global/Regional Assimilation and PrEdiction System (GRAPES) global ensemble prediction is developed in terms of the ensemble transform Kalman filter (ETKF) method.A new GRAPES global ensemble prediction system (GEPS) is also constructed. The spherical simplex 14-member ensemble prediction experiments, using the simulated observation network and error characteristics of simulated observations and innovation-based in ation, are carried out for about two months. The structure characters and perturbation amplitudes of the ETKF initial perturbations and the perturbation growth characters are analyzed, and their qualities and abilities for the ensemble initial perturbations are given. The preliminary experimental results indicate that the ETKF-based GRAPES ensemble initial perturbations could identify main normal structures of analysis error variance and reflect the perturbation amplitudes.The initial perturbations and the spread are reasonable. The initial perturbation variance, which is approximately equal to the forecast error variance, is found to respond to changes in the observational spatial variations with simulated observational network density. The perturbations generated through the simplex method are also shown to exhibit a very high degree of consistency between initial analysis and short-range forecast perturbations. The appropriate growth and spread of ensemble perturbations can be maintained up to 96-h lead time. The statistical results for 52-day ensemble forecasts show that the forecast scores ofensemble average for the Northern Hemisphere are higher than that of the control forecast. Provided that using more ensemble members, a real-time observational network and a more appropriate inflation factor,better effects of the ETKF-based initial scheme should be shown.     

物理初值化在台风数值天气预报中的应用试验

根据P.R.Julian(1984)的物理初值化方法，利用有限区数值预报模式，针对台风系统的预报做了物理初值化试验。结果表明，物理初值化不但可以改善台风、低压和副高区域的初始流场形势以及初始降水率，而且可以改善台风强度的发展变化过程和路径的预报，是一种有效可行的方法。     

同化雷达估算降水率对暴雨预报的影响

选取2009年3月28日广东省广州市大暴雨过程,考察了变分校准前后Z-I关系估算雷达降水率的区别。变分校准后的降水率资料具有较高的单点精度与合理的梯度分布。降水率资料能够反映大气动力特征和水汽分布等重要信息,是模拟中小尺度系统的关键因子。基于GRAPES (Global/Regional Analysis and Prediction System) 区域三维变分系统,将FSU (Florida State University) 对流参数化方案作为观测算子的同化试验指出,同化降水率资料后同时增强了低层大气的辐合和高层大气的辐散,从而使整层气柱的不稳定能量增加。沙氏指数和K指数诊断分析也表明,同化降水率资料后有利于触发强对流天气。此外,低空辐合有利于水汽垂直输送,维持对流发展,改进降水模拟。逐小时数值模拟结果表明:同化校准后的雷达估算降水率不仅可以改进降水分布,而且使中尺度对流系统的发展和消亡清晰地表现出来。     

板内地震过程的三层次构造模式

地震的本质是一个能量长期积累和突发释放的地质过程。在板内地震特征分析的基础上,我们提出板内地震的三层次构造模式——软流圈上隆的深部构造、中地壳韧性流变层(低速高导层)及其上、下的强硬层组成的中部三明治构造和上地壳浅表脆性断裂构造。软流圈上隆使岩石圈减薄并为震源提供热能和机械能,提升地震三明治构造中韧性流变层的温度,且降低其粘度,相应地加大了高导层与高阻层的能干差,使得热能和机械能引起的应变能在两种不同流变性质介质边界附近强烈集中。三明治构造上面脆性断裂加速了应力集中,当活动断层达到三明治构造边界,即可触发地震的发生,引起应变能、热能的突然释放。基于以上模式,我们初步设计了对三层次构造信息的地震监测系统。     

TEST OF A TROPICAL LIMITED AREA NUMERICAL PREDIC-TION MODEL INCLUDING EFFECT OF REAL TOPOGRAPHY

In this paper, a tropical limited numerical prediction p.e. model in sigma coordinate is developed. The predicted variables are deviations from a rest reference atmosphere. This transformation is of benefit in reducing truncation error and guarantees computational stability after the very steep real topography is introduced into the model. The numerical tests with this model show that the large-scale obstacle of the Tibetan Plateau is not negligible in forecasting tropical systems like the South China Sea typhoon.     

GRAPES_RAFS系统研发

基于GRAPES (Global and Regional Assimilation and Prediction System)模式的GRAPES_RAFS (Rapid Analysis and Forecast System)系统是一个向前的间歇性同化分析的分析系统,能将多种高时空分辨率的观测资料充分利用起来,同时也是一个不断更新数值预报产品的中尺度数值预报系统.本文从该系统的结构、流程所涉及的各技术环节进行阐述,通过与业务GRAPES_MESO的预报效果对比分析对该系统的短时临近预报能力以及影响该系统短临预报性能的关键技术进行研究.研究结果表明:利用我国新一代数值预报系统GRAPES模式及GRAPES_3Dvar建立的全国稠密资料快速更新同化分析预报系统(GRAPES_RAFS系统)具有一定短时临近预报能力.同化系统的背景误差协方差准确描述、模式系统动力框架及物理过程精确度的提高能有效提高该系统的预报能力,而局地稠密资料的合理使用是该系统提供高质量预报的另一个关键技术,在资料相对稀少的情况下,该系统的短临预报性能面临严重挑战.