A modified geometry- and ionospheric-free combination for static three-carrier ambiguity resolution

The reliability of the classical geometry- and ionospheric-free (GIF) three-carrier ambiguity resolution (TCAR) degrades when applied to long baselines of hundreds of kilometers. To overcome this deficiency, we propose two new models, which are used sequentially to resolve wide-lane (WL) and narrow-lane (NL) ambiguities and form a stepwise ambiguity resolution (AR) strategy. In the first model, after a successful extra-wide-lane AR, the pseudorange and phase observations are combined to estimate WL ambiguities, in which the residual ionospheric delays and geometry effects are eliminated. In the second model, using the resolved ambiguities from the first step, the two WL ambiguities are combined to remove ionospheric and geometry effects. The unknown coefficients in the two models are determined in such that they minimize the formal errors in the ambiguity estimates to optimize the ambiguity estimation. Using experimental BeiDou triple-frequency observations, we evaluate our method and identify three advantages. First, the two models use double-differenced phase observations that are not differences across frequency. Second, the two models are entirely free from ionospheric delay and geometry effects. Third, the unknown estimates in the two models satisfy the minimum noise condition, which makes the formal errors in the float NL ambiguity estimates much lower than those obtained with common GIF TCAR methods, thereby directly and significantly increasing the success rate of AR compared to the cascaded integer resolution method and two other GIF combinations.     

An examination of the Galileo NeQuick model: comparison with GPS and JASON TEC

GPS Solutions - We evaluate the performance of Galileo broadcast NeQuick model by comparing it with GPS broadcast Klobuchar and the original NeQuick2 models. The broadcast coefficients of Galileo...     

辽宁省潜在蒸散发量及其敏感性规律分析

采用Penman-Monteith法和敏感系数法对辽宁省1965~2014年潜在蒸散发量及影响潜在蒸散发的气象因子敏感性进行分析,探讨气候变化下影响辽宁省潜在蒸散发量变化的主导因子及潜在蒸散发对气候变化的定量响应。结果表明：① 近50 a辽宁省潜在蒸散发呈现显著减少趋势,在空间上由西向东递减;② 潜在蒸散发对气象因子的敏感性在年尺度上表现为,水汽压最为敏感,其次为太阳辐射、风速、平均气温;在季节尺度上,春季和秋季对平均气温最不敏感,夏季对风速最不敏感,冬季对太阳辐射最不敏感;③ 空间分布上,气象因素的敏感系数与气象因子空间变化规律相吻合,潜在蒸散发对气温的敏感性由北部向南部递增,对水汽压、太阳辐射的敏感性由东部向西部递减,而风速与之变化趋势相反。④ 风速的显著降低是辽宁省潜在蒸散发量下降的主要原因,太阳辐射的下降及水汽压的升高也促使了潜在蒸散发量的下降。     

陆相二叠系-三叠系界线研究进展

着重介绍了几个目前陆相二叠系—三叠系界线（TPTB）研究的重点剖面及其生物地层学研究进展；分析了陆相二叠系—三叠系界线综合地层学研究现状，包括生物地层学、事件地层学、同位素年代学、磁性地层学和层序地层学等；剖析了陆相二叠系-三叠系界线地层学研究中存在的问题及进一步的研究方向。生物地层方面，陆相二叠系-三叠系界线附近存在晚二叠世与早三叠世生物混生的层位，其中不同类别生物的时间界线常不一致，又由于陆相界线地层中含脊椎动物化石的层位一般较少，以脊椎动物化石（Lystrosaurus）为标准的精确界线常不确定，因而需重新寻找并确定陆相三叠系底界的标准化石。事件地层标志可能会成为连结海、陆相二叠系-三叠系界线地层高精度对比的纽带。     

丝绸之路经济带中国段旅游资源与旅游发展耦合研究

在对丝绸之路经济带中国段各省份旅游资源与旅游发展综合评价的基础上,运用耦合协调模型计算旅游资源与旅游发展的耦合度与协调度,运用障碍因子模型确定影响旅游发展的旅游资源障碍因子。结果显示：各省份旅游资源与旅游发展的耦合程度普遍较高,主要为高度耦合和中度耦合2种类型;协调程度包含良好协调、中度协调、勉强协调和失调4种类型,以中度协调和勉强协调为主;旅游资源和旅游发展的耦合度与协调度还没有完全在空间上达到良性共振。除陕西外,其他各省资源条件都是主要障碍因素,因此,要提高旅游发展水平,首先需要加大对各省份旅游资源整合力度,提高旅游资源的质量;出现频率最高的障碍因子分别是资源条件（C₁）、年平均气温（C₂）、年平均降水量（C₃）、空气质量（C₇）、GDP（C₁₀）。     

Dynamic Changes of the Bush Encroachment in Low Altitude Area of Ethiopia

Bush encroachment is widely distributed in arid and semi-arid regions, and it has a serious impact on livestock production, especially in Africa where livestock is a primary source for the livelihoods of many people. In this study, methods of supervised classification and decision tree classification, and indexes of a land use change significance index (Ci) and a single land use dynamic degree, were applied to remote sensing imagery of Ethiopia for 1986-2016. The results show the dynamic characteristics of grassland bush encroachment in low altitude areas (pastures <1500 m above sea level) of Ethiopia in the 30 year period studied. The results revealed several interesting features of this phenomenon. (1) The area of bush encroachment showed an increasing trend, with a maximum of 3.74×10³ km² in 2003, which represented 68.97% of the total area, and declined slightly from 2003~2016. (2) Among classification types, the area of severe shrub grassland was the largest, accounting for 28.36-49.10% of the total area, while the area of moderate bush encroachment accounted for 9.77-16.68%, and slight bush encroachment accounted for 5.52-7.57%. (3) The expansion rate of shrubby grassland was 0.74% for the 30 year period, while the average annual expansion rate was 2.16% for the 8 years from 1995-2003. (4) Forest land and grassland were the two main land use types of shrub grassland transformation in low altitude areas and bush encroachment changed large amounts of forest land into grassland due to shrub grassland management. The results of this study provide basic data for revealing the impacts of development processes on subsequent bush encroachment and can inform better management for the sustainable development of grasslands in low altitude systems.     

An Algorithm for Automated Identification of Gust Fronts from Doppler Radar Data

Gust fronts are weak narrow-band echoes of increased reflectivity at the background levels in the low-elevation fields of Doppler radar. An automated approach to gust front detection that relies on the image features of radar observations is presented in this paper. The algorithm is not sensitive to the variations in reflectivity values and gust front widths. The approach includes the following steps. First, a novel local binary with dual-template (LBDT) algorithm is designed as the fundamental algorithm to identify the potential areas of narrow-band echoes. Second, based on the disadvantages of the LBDT algorithm, several modifications are made, including splitting the intersecting lines, connecting the fragments, and filtering the edges and radial interference noise. Third, an optical flow method is used to determine whether a weak narrow-band echo is a gust front according to the prior knowledge that a gust front usually propagates in front of the associated generating storm. The results of experiments show that the proposed method can automatically identify gust fronts with a high probability of detection and a low false alarm rate. The automatic identification of gust fronts is potentially useful for accurate short-term weather forecasting, particularly in the forecasting of storm winds.     

1981—2013年四川省视程障碍类天气现象分析

利用四川省1981—2013年雾、轻雾、吹雪、雪暴、烟幕、霾、沙尘暴、扬沙和浮尘9种视程障碍天气现象资料,对其发生日数、发生概率和分布特征进行统计。结果表明:(1)各天气现象发生日数排序为:轻雾>雾>浮尘>霾>烟幕>扬沙>沙尘暴>吹雪>雪暴。(2)轻雾和雾年发生日数为分别为176d/a和29d/a,日发生概率分别为48%和8%,远高出其他天气现象。(3)季节变化方面,雾和轻雾主要出现在秋季和冬季;霾、吹雪和雪暴集中出现在冬季;浮尘发生春季;扬沙多发生在冬季和春季;而沙尘暴、烟幕主要发生在春季和秋季。(4)变化趋势上轻雾基本保持平稳;烟幕呈增加趋势;而雾、霾、沙尘暴、扬沙和浮尘呈下降趋势。(5)大气层结稳定、水汽充足、风速较小、人口集中和排放量较大,易于盆地雾、轻雾、霾和烟幕的形成;不合理利用水和土地资源,北方地区沙尘天气随冷空气南下,是沙尘天气发生的重要原因;而吹雪和雪暴均发生在冬季降雪量大且风速较大的川西高原。     

中国履行《蒙特利尔议定书(基加利修正案)》减排三氟甲烷的对策分析

2016年10月制定的《关于消耗臭氧层物质的蒙特利尔议定书（基加利修正案）》将三氟甲烷（HFC-23）纳入了其附件F第二类管控物质名单,并要求缔约国自2020年1月1日起以缔约方核准的技术对HFC-23进行销毁。伴随中国二氟一氯甲烷（HCFC-22）原料用途需求增长,其副产物HFC-23的产生量呈上升趋势,尽管HCFC-22生产工艺不断优化,HFC-23的副产率逐步下降,预测2050年HFC-23产生量将达到2.47万t（或365.56 Mt CO₂-eq),2020—2050年HFC-23累计产生量约56.3万t,折合约8332.40 Mt CO₂-eq。截至2015年,通过清洁发展机制以及国家发展和改革委员会减排专项的资助,中国以焚烧分解技术销毁HFC-23累计54585 t,为全球温室气体减排做出了重要贡献,但这一减排也花费了巨额资金投资焚烧设备和支付焚烧运行费用,提高了企业的生产成本、浪费了氟资源。研究显示,HFC-23资源化利用技术路线是可行的且中国相关技术专利正在逐步增加,鼓励和推进HFC-23资源化利用技术开发与应用是消除HFC-23排放可行的技术途径,也是未来中国加入并履行《基加利修正案》关键的技术路线选择。     

负压对四肢瘢痕切除创面成纤维细胞的生长环境影响

目的 探究持续封闭负压引流技术（VSD）对瘢痕切除创面成纤维细胞生长环境的影响。方法 回顾性分析2014年1月~2015年11月于笔者医院行植皮手术的四肢瘢痕切除术后患者60例,根据植皮手术前是否接受VSD治疗分为负压组（n=30）和包扎组（n=30）,负压组均于一期植皮前接受VSD治疗,包扎组未接受VSD治疗。回顾性分析对比两组患者并发症发生率、首次植皮存活率、创面感染率、住院时间之间的差异。并用TUNEL染色、CD34染色法对比瘢痕标本中成纤维细胞凋亡指数及血管生成情况。结果 负压组菌培养阳性率明显低于包扎组（P<0.05）,植皮存活率明显高于包扎组（P<0.05）。两组并发症发生率、住院时间、疼痛评分、随访VSS评分间比较,负压组均明显较低（P<0.05）。负压组成纤维细胞凋亡指数明显较低,微血管计数明显较高（P<0.05）。结论 负压封闭引流可以减轻瘢痕切除创面感染率,有效减轻炎性水肿,且可以通过改变局部血液循环微环境以及机械应力作用促进成纤维细胞增殖分裂,提高创面恢复效果。