基于全基因组重测序技术的浙江近岸海域耐盐金黄色葡萄球菌(Staphylococcus aureus)耐药机制解析<

金黄色葡萄球菌(Staphylococcus aureus)是近岸海域海水中的主要病原菌,严重威胁接触者的安全。抗生素处理是治疗金黄色葡萄球菌感染的重要手段,其耐药性的发生受到了高度重视。采用全基因组重测序与KEGG富集分析结合的方法,对红霉素(erythromycin)、氯霉素(chloramphenicol)和万古霉素(vancomycin)处理后的耐盐金黄色葡萄球菌(S.aureus ZS01)和不耐盐金黄色葡萄球菌(S.aureus 502A)进行耐药机制研究。结果表明,S.aureus 502A经抗生素处理后发生突变的程度大于S.aureus ZS01,二者在经过氯霉素处理发生了更大程度的突变。红霉素、氯霉素和万古霉素处理主要影响了金黄色葡萄球菌的致病能力;红霉素和氯霉素可能通过影响金黄色葡萄球菌脂类的代谢引起其耐药性的变化。除此之外,三种抗生素处理均出现了较多TIGR01741家族蛋白和假设蛋白基因的突变,推测与菌株的耐药性和致病性相关。耐盐金黄色葡萄球菌可通过外排系统作用产生红霉素耐药性,不耐盐菌株因细胞壁成分相关基因的突变提高了对万古霉素的耐受性。研究结果可为耐盐和不耐盐金黄色葡萄球菌的耐药机制及抗生素对金黄色葡萄球菌致病性影响的研究提供基础数据。     

三种扇贝挥发性风味物质指纹图谱分析

为探究海湾扇贝(Argopecten irradians)、栉孔扇贝(Chlamys farreri)、虾夷扇贝(Patinopecten yessoensis)三种扇贝闭壳肌的挥发性风味物质差异,采用气相色谱-离子迁移谱(gas chromatography-ion mobility spectroscopy,GC-IMS)技术,对三种扇贝闭壳肌在新鲜(40℃)和加热(100℃)情况下进行挥发性成分分析。结果表明:在新鲜状态下,海湾扇贝(HWSB-F)、栉孔扇贝(ZKSB-F)、虾夷扇贝(XYSB-F)闭壳肌中,共定性出27种挥发性风味物质,其中醛类8种,醇类5种,酮类5种,酯类3种,以及醚类、苯类、酸类、烯类和噻唑等。在加热情况下,海湾扇贝(HWSB-C)、栉孔扇贝(ZKSB-C)、虾夷扇贝(XYSB-C)闭壳肌中共定性出52种挥发性风味物质,其中醛类20种,酯类5种,酮类7种,醇类8种,烯类4种,酸类2种,醚类2种,还包括吡嗪、胺类、苯类、含氧杂环等物质。对三种扇贝闭壳肌新鲜组和加热组指纹图谱进行分析,发现新鲜扇贝原有的挥发性风味物质加热后减少,且产生了新的其他种类的挥发性风味物质。扇贝闭壳肌加热组的挥发性风味物质种类较多,组成比较复杂,新鲜组的扇贝闭壳肌挥发性风味物质种类较少,组成简单。通过主成分分析,可在新鲜状态和加热状态下,有效区分三种扇贝闭壳肌组织。三种扇贝闭壳肌挥发性风味物质指纹图谱的建立,丰富了不同扇贝呈味物质的组成成分研究内容,证明GC-IMS技术可快速鉴别三种去壳扇贝闭壳肌的种类,为不同种扇贝闭壳肌以次充好提供检测依据。     

Genetic variation of the small yellow croaker (Larimichthys polyactis) inferred from mitochondrial DNA provides novel insight into the fluctuation of resources

The small yellow croaker (Larimichthys polyactis) belongs to the family Sciaenidae, which is an offshore warm fish species and widely distributed in the western Pacific. In this study, the variation of genetic diversity and genetic differentiation among L. polyactis populations was analyzed by mitochondrial DNA control region. A total of 110 polymorphic sites were checked, which defined 134 haplotypes. High level of haplotype diversity (h=0.993±0.002) was detected in the examined range. Population genetic structure analyse (analysis of molecular variance, F_st) showed there were high gene flow among L. polyactis populations. The result showed that there were relatively high genetic diversity and low genetic differentiation among the Yellow Sea and the East China Sea populations, which can be attributed to diverse habitats, wide distribution range and high mutation rate of control region. Using phylogenetic methods, coalescent analyses (neutrality tests, mismatch distribution analysis, Bayesian skyline analyses) and molecular dating interpreted in conjunction with paleoclimatic and physiographic evidence, we inferred that the genetic make-up of extant populations of L. polyactis was shaped by Pleistocene environmental impacts on the historical demography of this species. Besides, relatively constant genetic diversity and larger effective population size were detected in recent L. polyactis population. The result showed that the fishing policy certainly, such as the summer closed fishing, played a role in protecting resources of L. polyactis. This study can offer a wealth of biological novelties which indicates genetic structure of L. polyactis population and provides the foundation for resources protection and policy setting.     

半球形多向波聚合波道振荡水柱气室优化设计

为了解决振动水柱式波浪能转换装置收集多向波浪问题,本文设计了半球形多向聚合波道振荡水柱气室结构,以适合远海单点波浪能采集和发电。在规则波正向入射条件下,基于流体仿真分析软件(FLUENT)、流体动力学连续性假设和粘性不可压缩流体动量守恒的运动方程(Navier-Stokes方程)建立半球形振荡气室和三维数值波浪水槽模型。仿真结果表明:增设气室后壁,合理设计波道开口角度实现多向迎波捕获波浪能,优化前壁形状可降低波浪触底反射带来的能量耗散,同时提高了气室内空气压强和出气口速度,有效提升波浪能俘获效率,为后续发电的二次能量转换提供高效的空气动力。     

养殖贝类碳汇价格核算研究

养殖贝类是最有效的生物固碳方式之一,其碳汇功能作为海洋生态系统功能的一部分,兼具生态和经济属性,碳汇价格的核算可为海水贝类养殖产业补贴提供数据参考,提高碳汇养殖产业的生产积极性,对海洋GEP核算等提供一定借鉴。目前碳汇价格研究较为缺乏,碳汇价格受限于碳汇计量方法的不完善,因此文章基于碳储量变化原理,对养殖环境中的养殖贝类固碳基础公式进行改进,补充了附着贝类固碳与生物沉积物固碳两个计算参数,以此为切入点选取并改进海洋牧场碳汇定价方法,以东方云溪海洋牧场作为研究区进行案例计算,结果为：海湾扇贝、栉孔扇贝与褶牡蛎的碳汇价格分别为165元/t、185元/t和272元/t;使用改进后的碳汇计量方法得到的养殖贝类单位个体固碳量较高,其中生物沉积固碳对提高单位个体固碳量的作用最为突出,约占贝类自身固碳的91%,主要与养殖海域的水文条件有关;较高的固碳量形成了较低的碳汇价格,固碳量与成本收益因素共同影响养殖贝类的碳汇价格;长远来看,碳汇价格会随着固碳计量的愈加完善而降低。     

基于深度学习的西沙永乐群岛珊瑚礁遥感信息提取

珊瑚礁是海洋生态系统的重要组成部分,对保护海洋生物多样性以及维持海洋生态平衡具有重大意义。我国南海珊瑚岛礁自然资源丰富,准确、高效地提取珊瑚岛礁信息对南海岛礁监测、管理、规划与保护具有现实意义。本研究基于我国海洋一号C卫星（HY 1C）遥感数据,对西沙永乐群岛珊瑚礁信息进行了研究与分析,提出基于HY 1C遥感数据的珊瑚礁地貌分类体系。采用全卷积神经网络U Net模型,依次通过下采样、上采样操作提取西沙永乐环礁地貌特征,实现原始影像的像素级语义分割。结果表明：基于HY 1C数据建立的地貌分类体系对活珊瑚覆盖及珊瑚生长发育条件具有指示作用,提出的基于U Net模型的珊瑚岛礁地貌信息自动提取方法,能够为我国南海珊瑚岛礁生态系统的全自动、大范围监测和评价提供相应理论基础,在珊瑚礁生态管理与评价中发挥关键作用。精度验证结果表明：U Net模型可以有效提取珊瑚礁地貌信息,采用的地貌信息提取方法具备时空泛化能力,泛化精度高于80%。     

美英潜艇指控系统发展历程及启示

指控系统是潜艇作战的核心,对潜艇的战斗力生成起着至关重要的作用。潜艇指控系统必须要满足潜艇作战的需要。通过研究美国和英国潜艇指控系统的发展,分析美国和英国指控系统发展的技术特点, 在此基础上进行思考。从支持无人装备、系统结构、系统智能化和智能化显示方面得出潜艇指控系统未来发展的几点启示。这对潜艇指控系统未来的发展具有一定的参考价值。     

基于最优路径的无人机影像辐射区域网平差

无人机遥感能够提供高时空分辨率的影像数据,拥有广泛的应用前景。辐射校正将传感器记录的数据转化为地表反射率,是无人机数据定量化应用的前提。然而无人机数据易受光照等因素的影响,导致影像间存在不同程度的辐射差异,为多张无人机影像的辐射校正带来困难。基于影像间重叠区域的信息,辐射区域网平差能够获得全局最优的辐射校正参数,降低影像间的辐射差异,因此在实现影像的辐射校正方面具有巨大潜力。但大量待求解未知参数降低了辐射校正模型的求解效率,特别是在数据量急剧增加时,该问题更为突出。基于影像重叠区辐射信息建立的最优路径很好地考虑了影像间的辐射转化关系,可有效控制误差累计,为减少辐射区域网平差中未知参数的数量提供了一种思路。因此,本文将最优路径与辐射区域网平差相结合,以降低待求解参数的数量,在保证辐射校正精度的同时提高辐射校正模型求解效率,进而提升辐射区域网平差在大数据集上的应用潜力。     

Revealing the spatiotemporal characteristics of the general public's panic levels during the pandemic crisis in China

The existing crisis management research mostly reveals the patterns of the public's panic levels from the perspectives of public management, sociology, and psychology, only a few studies have revealed the spatiotemporal characteristics. Therefore, this study investigates the spatial distribution and temporal patterns and influencing factors on the general public's panic levels using the Baidu Index data from a geographic perspective. The results show that: (1) The public's panic levels were significantly correlated with the spatial distance between the epicenter and the region of investigation, and with the number of confirmed cases in different regions when the pandemic began to spread. (2) Based on the spatial distance between the epicenter and the region, the public's panic levels in different regions could be divided into three segments: core segment (0–500 km), buffer segment (500–1300 km), and peripheral segment (>1300 km). The panic levels of different people in the three segments were consistent with the Psychological Typhoon Eye Effect and the Ripple Effect can be detected in the buffer segment. (3) The public's panic levels were strongly correlated with whether the spread of the infectious disease crisis occurred and how long it lasted. It is suggested that crisis information management in the future needs to pay more attention to the spatial division of control measures. The type of crisis information released to the general public should depend on the spatial relationship associated with the place where the crisis breaks out.     

Complex adaptive blended learning for higher GIS education: A theory-driven pedagogy moving forward after the pandemic

None of the prior studies implementing blended learning (BL) for GIS education has explored pedagogical theories to support BL design, and none coupled blended GIS learning practice with theories. Based on the theoretical framework of complex adaptive blended learning system (CABLS), this article presents a holistic and systematic view of BL for higher GIS education (termed as CABLS-GIS), where its key components are tightly integrated as an integral whole. The framework was implemented for an introductory-level GIS course to empirically evaluate the effectiveness of a BL design from students' perspectives. Most students involved in the implementation agreed that the BL enhanced their learning outcomes. They were mostly positive about the BL and motivated to use the BL materials. Incorporating more BL materials, especially practical ones, and active learning activities were suggested by them. A few negative comments about the BL suggested a thorough consideration of individual learners' characteristics.