腾冲地震台数字化水温观测数据异常分析

腾冲地震台数字化水温记录多次出现数据突跳,影响观测资料质量。引入1套相同型号的水温仪进行对比观测,对可能引起原水温仪数据突跳的因素(静电干扰、供电电压、仪器探头故障等)进行一一排查,结果表明,水温仪主机数据转换模块工作不正常是引起水温数据突跳、阶变的主要原因,仪器供电电压不稳、雷电因素对数据突跳的产生有促进作用。消除水温数据突跳干扰的有效解决办法是更换1套水温观测仪器。     

Some characteristics of cumulus convection over the Tibetan Plateau

The diagnostic model of the cumulus convection proposed by Yanai et al. (1973) was applied to the atmosphere over the Tibetan Plateau, and used to estimate the vertical mass flux, entrainment and detrainment, excess temperature and moisture, liquid water content, and condensation and precipitation rates of highland cloud clusters. The re-sults illustrated that in clouds over the Tibetan Plateau, the water vapor condensation rate, liquid water content, and efficiency of the rain generation process are less than those in the tropics (represented by the Marshall Islands region). Therefore, the condensational latent heat released over the Tibetan Plateau, overall, is much smaller than that in the tropics. The water vapor and liquid water detrainment from shallow nonprecipitating cumulus clouds, and their entrainment into deep cumulus clouds, serve as a growing mechanism for the deep precipitating cumulus towers over the Tibetan Plateau. It should be noted that there is a stronger detrainment of liquid water from cumulus clouds and a stronger re-evaporation rate in environment. The process of the condensation-detrainment-re-evaporation-entrainment is repeatedly in progress. It would play an important role in maintaining of cumulus convection on the condition that the supply of moisture is not plentiful over the Tibetan Plateau.The analyses also showed that the cloud mass flux Mc over the Tibetan Plateau is less, and the large-scale av-erage upward motion is much less than those over the Marshall Islands. Stronger compensating downward motion in the cloud environment over the Tibetan Plateau, responsible for the area’s strong environmental heating rate was re-vealed, and would link to the stability of the South Asian High in summer.     

非直角双曲线光合模型的积分及参数灵敏度分析

非直角双曲线单叶光合模型对光合反应有更灵敏的响应。将它对叶面积积分，并用于大田干物质计算。其精度比用直角双曲线型的叶面积积分模式有所提高。对光合参数作了灵敏度试验，并指出育种和数值模拟试验中应注意的问题。     

中高纬度地区500 hPa高度场动力预测统计订正

利用DEMETER多模式集合研究计划中Météo France模式的预报资料集,在分析其对冬季北半球中高纬度地区 (20°~90°N)500 hPa高度场预报效果的基础上,针对模式预测较差的模态分别运用最优子集回归修正方案和回归-相似相结合的修正方案对其进行订正。结果表明:数值模式对观测模态的预测能力并非随模态数的增加而递减,方差贡献较小的模态的预报效果可能好于方差贡献较大的模态;基于最优子集的回归订正方法未能改进原模式预报技巧;在最优子集回归基础上再经相似订正的方法 (DAP-OSR) 能够改进预测效果,独立试报的距平相关系数平均每年提高0.1。     

Seasonal modulations of different impacts of two types of ENSO events on tropical cyclone activity in the western North Pacific

The paper examines different impacts of eastern Pacific warm/cold (EPW/EPC) and central Pacific warm/cold (CPW/CPC) events on tropical cyclones (TCs) in the western North Pacific (WNP) by considering the early season of April–June (AMJ), the peak season of July–September (JAS) and the late season of October–December (OND). During AMJ, EPW (EPC) is associated with a significant increase of the TC genesis number in the southeastern (southwestern) sub-region of the WNP, but no class of El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) events shows a significant change in the TC lifetime and intensity. During JAS, EPW corresponds to an increase (decrease) of the TC genesis number in the southeastern (northwestern) sub-region, but CPW shows no significant change. EPC increases the TC genesis in the northwestern and northeastern sub-regions and decreases the genesis in the southwestern sub-region, whereas CPC suppresses the genesis in the southeastern sub-region. Both the lifetime and intensity of TCs are increased in EPW, but only a shortened lifetime is seen for CPC. During OND, EPW reduces the TC genesis in the southwestern and northwestern sub-regions, whereas CPW enhances the genesis in the southeastern sub-region. Over the South China Sea, CPW and CPC show a significant decrease and increase of the TC genesis, respectively. The TC lifetime is significantly longer in both EPW and CPW and shorter in EPC, and TCs tend to be more (less) intense in EPW (CPC). All of these variations are consistent with the development of ENSO-related SST anomalies during different seasons and are supported by distributions of the genesis potential index—a combination of large-scale oceanic and atmospheric factors that affect TC activity. TCs in the WNP mainly take the straight westward, northwestward and recurving tracks. During AMJ of EPW years, the TC steering flow patterns favor the recurving track and suppress the straight westward and northwestward tracks. During JAS, EPW is associated with the steering flows that are unfavorable for TCs to move northwestward or westward, whereas CPW favors the northwestward track and suppresses the straight westward track. The steering flow patterns during OND are similar to those during JAS, except that EPC may increase the possibility of the northwestward track.     

热带气旋强度变化研究进展

自20世纪90年代后期以来,热带气旋强度变化研究越来越受到人们的重视,随着研究的不断深入,热带气旋强度变化研究取得了可喜的进展,文中总结近年来热带气旋强度变化的主要研究成果,主要包括(1)热带气旋的发生、发展和最大可能强度的研究;(2)行星涡度梯度、环境均匀流、环境流场垂直切变以及热带气旋外流与环境流的相互作用对热带气旋强度的影响及物理机制;(3)热带气旋结构与强度的变化关系,着重总结环境流场导致的非对称结构变化而引起的热带气旋强度变化以及对涡旋倾斜发展理论验证,分析了涡旋Rossby波的最新研究;(4)海洋热状况变化以及海洋飞沫对热带气旋强度的影响研究成果。分析指出,今后进一步开展用现代化卫星探测资料研究热带气旋强度变化外,还应加强热带气旋外流与环境流场的相互作用,海-气交界面的参数化问题,热带气旋结构变化与TC强度变化关系以及这种关系的物理本质的研究,通过深入研究,认识热带气旋强度变化的物理机制,提高热带气旋强度变化的预报能力。     

全球变暖背景下鹤壁市夏玉米生育期气候条件变化

通过对鹤壁市43 a夏玉米生育期间气象要素线性趋势以及其不同年代的均值、变异系数(C·V)、距平变化分析,揭示了在全球气候变暖背景下鹤壁市夏玉米生育期间气候条件的变化规律:活动积温和降水量分别在1993年和1977年前后发生气候突变,降水量由增加趋势转变为减少趋势,活动积温由减少趋势转变为增加趋势;全生育期间及各生育期的活动积温均呈缓慢增多趋势;播种期和苗期发生初夏旱几率高于全省平均水平,影响到玉米的适时播种和出苗;全生育期间日照时数的年际变化与各生育期间的日照时数变化趋势均呈现出随年份逐渐减少趋势,但仍属气候正常振动.     

印度夏季风的年际变异与北半球大气环流的特征

印度夏季风的年际变异是大范围大气环流相互联系、相互影响的结果。本文应用１９５１—１９８５年印度夏季风资料，选取强季风年４年和弱季风年６年，分别对北半球５００ｈＰａ高度场进行距平合成分析和复自然正交函数（ＣＥＯＦ）分析。结果指出，大西洋和鄂霍次克海阻塞高压的稳定存在以及乌拉尔山低压槽的频繁活动与强印度季风年相联系，而大西洋和鄂霍次克海低压系统的频繁活动以及欧洲阻塞高压的稳定存在与弱印度季风年相联系。印度夏季风强弱不同年份，春季北半球大气环流已经出现了一些不同特征，这对于当年夏季风的强弱和北半球气候异常有预示作用。印度夏季风强弱的不同年份和不同季节，北半球存在极地和赤道低纬位相函数大而中高纬度位相函数小，且扰动由中高纬向极地和赤道方向传播的特征     

我国干湿气候区划研究进展

本文回顾和综述了20世纪中期以来我国在干湿气候区划指标、潜在蒸散计算方法、干湿气候区划等级划分标准及命名方式等方面的研究进展,在此基础上给出了利用干燥度指数进行干湿气候区划的计算方法和等级划分标准,并利用1981-2010年全国2207站的气象观测资料,对近30年来我国干湿气候空间特征进行了分析。结果表明,最近30年我国干旱区（包括极干旱、干旱和亚干旱区）面积为469.2万km²,占国土面积的48.8%,其中极干旱区、干旱区和亚干旱区面积分别为87.8万km²、209.2万km²和172.2万km²,分别占国土面积的9.1%、21.8%和17.9%,主要分布于新疆、内蒙古、西藏、青海、甘肃等西部地区;亚湿润区、湿润区和极湿润区面积占我国国土面积的比例分别为16.2%、27.8%和8.8%,主要位于我国长江以南及东北部分地区。