地球参考框架的建立和维持

详细总结了ITRF等参考框架的原理,分析了其优缺点和特性并分析了不同地球参考框架的区别。本文在协议研究的基础上,结合我国实际,提出了建立我国新一代地球参考系统的若干建议。     

利用数值投影变换构建全球六边形离散格网

本文针对全球离散格网构建过程中从平面格网到球面格网的关键步骤进行讨论,提出了一种新型的评价球面离散格网几何属性最优化的目标函数,使用遗传算法优化,得到了球面上有限层次内最优化条件下的直接剖分格网。利用有限层次内最优化格网提供的控制点数据,结合数值投影变换理论,成功地构建了几何属性更加均匀的全球六边形离散格网系统。实验表明,相对于现有Snyder等积投影建立的全球格网,在格网单元的均匀度上更优;在运算效率方面,速度大约是Snyder投影的2.5-3倍。     

全球六边形离散格网数据的三维可视化方法

针对全球六边形离散格网的三维显示化方法开展研究,设计了一种六边形格网的空间层次结构(hexagonalquaternary balanced structure,HQBS),采用四位码元对格网单元进行编码,定义并实现了格网向量的基本运算,利用这些运算可以方便地实现格网单元的空间索引。在此基础上还研究了全球离散格网的动态生成与显示算法、可视化区域裁剪等相关内容。试验表明:全球格网动态生成的效率110～370单元/ms之间,加载空间数据后,格网数据和空间数据逐层加载的时间在300 ms左右,能够保证加载空间数据后的显示刷新率在20帧/s左右。     

The challenges of integrating explainable artificial intelligence into GeoAI

Although explainable artificial intelligence (XAI) promises considerable progress in glassboxing deep learning models, there are challenges in applying XAI to geospatial artificial intelligence (GeoAI), specifically geospatial deep neural networks (DNNs). We summarize these as three major challenges, related generally to XAI computation, to GeoAI and geographic data handling, and to geosocial issues. XAI computation includes the difficulty of selecting reference data/models and the shortcomings of attributing explanatory power to gradients, as well as the difficulty in accommodating geographic scale, geovisualization, and underlying geographic data structures. Geosocial challenges encompass the limitations of knowledge scope—semantics and ontologies—in the explanation of GeoAI as well as the lack of integrating non-technical aspects in XAI, including processes that are not amenable to XAI. We illustrate these issues with a land use classification case study.     

Using gravity and topography-implied anomalies to assess data requirements for precise geoid computation

Many regions around the world require improved gravimetric data bases to support very accurate geoid modeling for the modernization of height systems using GPS. We present a simple yet effective method to assess gravity data requirements, particularly the necessary resolution, for a desired precision in geoid computation. The approach is based on simulating high-resolution gravimetry using a topography-correlated model that is adjusted to be consistent with an existing network of gravity data. Analysis of these adjusted, simulated data through Stokes’s integral indicates where existing gravity data must be supplemented by new surveys in order to achieve an acceptable level of omission error in the geoid undulation. The simulated model can equally be used to analyze commission error, as well as model error and data inconsistencies to a limited extent. The proposed method is applied to South Korea and shows clearly where existing gravity data are too scarce for precise geoid computation.     

Near real-time high-resolution airborne camera,AEROCam, for precision agriculture

Precision agriculture often relies on high-resolution imagery to delineate the variability within a field. Airborne Environmental Research Observational Camera (AEROCam) was designed to meet the needs of agriculture producers, ranchers, and researchers, who require high-resolution imagery in a near real-time environment for rapid decision support. AEROCam was developed and operated through a unique collaboration between several departments at the University of North Dakota, including the Upper Midwest Aerospace Consortium (UMAC), the School of Engineering and Mines, and flight operations at the John D. Odegard School of Aerospace Sciences. AEROCam consists of a Redlake MS4100 area-scan multi-spectral digital camera that features a 1920 × 1080 CCD array (7.4-μm detector) with 8-bit quantization. When operated at ～2 km above ground level, multispectral images with four bands in the visible and near infrared have a ground sample distance of 1 m with a horizontal extent of just over 1.6 km. Depending on the applications, flying at different altitudes can adjust the spatial resolution from 0.25 to 2 m. Rigorous spectral and radiometric calibrations allow AEROCam to be used in a variety of applications, qualitative and quantitative. Equipped with an inertial measurement unit (IMU) system, the images acquired can be geo-referenced automatically and delivered to end users near real time through our Digital Northern Great Plains system (DNGP). The images are also available to zone mapping application for precision farming (ZoneMAP), an online decision support tool for creating management zones from remote sensing imagery and data from other sources. Operational since 2004, AEROCam has flown over 250 sorties and delivered over 150,000 images to the users in the Northern Great Plains region, resulting in numerous applications in precision agriculture and resource management.     

社区减灾能力的熵权-灰靶评价方法研究——以苏州新区为例

社区是城市细胞和基层单位,其防灾减灾能力建设对构建城市安全体系有着极其重要的作用。本文借助于熵权-灰靶模型和GIS叠置分析技术进行社区减灾能力综合评价方法研究,首先从灾害风险评估能力、救援与保障能力等6个方面构建起包含30个二级指标的社区减灾能力评价指标体系。经过指标序列的影响空间和标准模式的构建、灰靶变换和靶心度分级,进行社区减灾能力分级评价。以苏州新区作为案例分析研究区,借助于ArcMap10.2软件得到该区域的社区减灾能力空间分布特征图。分析结果表明,研究区社区减灾能力总体上呈现东区较好,西区较弱,区域内社区减灾能力建设不平衡特征。研究区各街道和社区的灾害风险评估能力和灾害管理能力较好,工程防御能力总体分布不均衡,经济基础支撑能力、救援与保障能力、公众认知能力较差,说明社区综合减灾能力不足,今后应从单纯依赖减灾示范社区建设转变为加强社区综合减灾能力的内涵建设。     

星载紫外遥感辐射计积分球定标新方法的研究

在紫外波段，使用常规手段实现高精度的辐射定标是比较困难的，这主要是由于标准灯的定标不确定度约4％和漫反射板双向反射分布函数（BRDF）的测量不确定度4％-6％所致。为了提高定标精度，本文应用积分球辐亮度定标方法，获得了接近理想的大面积辐亮度光源（约2％），标定了在研的星载紫外遥感光谱辐射计的亮度响应度。文中将标准灯考虑为均匀亮度的点光源，对辐射计的投影视场进行了照明因子修正。同时进行了常规的灯-板定标方法与积分球定标新方法的比较，得到了采用两种方法标定的辐射计亮度响应度有较好的一致性（3％）的结论。初步的定标数据分析比对显示，漫反射板BRDF的测量不确定度和仪器投影视场内辐亮度的计算不确定度是比对中不一致主要的来源。     

球面等积网格系统生成算法与软件模型研究

利用全球离散网格系统管理海量空间信息是一种受到普遍关注的新途径,具有等积特性的网格系统在大范围遥感影像数据处理方面具有重要的理论意义和应用前景。文中论述的算法在二十面体展开图上建立坐标系描述不同剖分产生的多分辨率网格,利用施奈德多面体投影映射到球面。针对算法特点设计具有网络模拟功能的软件模型。实验结果表明,该软件模型具有较好的扩展性。     

GPS安装对ADCP测验精度的影响分析

走其航式声学多普勒流速仪在我国引进并应用多年,在使用过程中,外接GPS和罗经设备的选用和安装对其测验精度有一定的影响。长江下游水文水资源勘测局在九江水文站进行了不同的优化安装,使得走航式声学多普勒流速仪施测的流速、流向和流量精度得到大幅提高。