Column restraint in post‐tensioned self‐centering moment frames

Gaps between beam‐to‐column interfaces in a post‐tensioned (PT) self‐centering frame with more than one column are constrained by columns, which causes beam compression force different from the applied PT force. This study proposes an analytical method for evaluating column bending stiffness and beam compression force by modeling column deformation according to gap‐openings at all stories. The predicted compression forces in the beams are validated by a cyclic analysis of a three‐story PT frame and by cyclic tests of a full‐scale, two‐bay by first‐story PT frame, which represents a substructure of the three‐story PT frame. The proposed method shows that compared with the strand tensile force, the beam compression force is increased at the 1st story but is decreased at the 2nd and 3rd stories due to column deformation compatibility. The PT frame tests show that the proposed method reasonably predicts beam compression force and strand force and that the beam compression force is 2 and 60% larger than the strand force with respect to a minor restraint and a pin‐supported boundary condition, respectively, at the tops of the columns. Therefore, the earlier method using a pin‐supported boundary condition at upper story columns represents an upper bound of the effect and is shown to be overly conservative for cases where a structure responds primarily in its first mode. The proposed method allows for more accurate prediction of the column restraint effects for structures that respond in a pre‐determined mode shape which is more typical of low and mid‐rise structures. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Ecosystem carbon stocks across a tropical intertidal habitat mosaic of mangrove forest,seagrass meadow,mudflat and sandbar

Intertidal habitats provide numerous ecosystem services, including the sequestration and storage of carbon, a topic of great recent interest owing to land‐cover transitions and climate change. Mangrove forests and seagrass meadows form a continuum of intertidal habitats, alongside unvegetated mudflats and sandbars, however, studies that consider carbon stocks across these spatially‐linked, threatened ecosystems are limited world‐wide. This paper presents the results of a field‐based carbon stock assessment of aboveground, belowground and sediment organic carbon stock to a depth of 1 m at Chek Jawa, Singapore. It is the first study of ecosystem carbon stocks of both vegetated and unvegetated intertidal habitats in the tropics. Ecosystem carbon stocks were 497 Mg C ha^‐1 in the mangrove forest and 138 Mg C ha^‐1 in the seagrass meadow. Sediment organic carbon stock dominated the total storage in both habitats, constituting 62% and >99% in the mangrove forest and seagrass meadow, respectively. In the adjacent mudflat and sandbars, which had no vegetative components, sediment organic carbon stock ranged from 124–143 Mg C ha^‐1, suggesting that unvegetated habitats have a carbon storage role on the same order of importance as seagrass meadows. This study reinforces the importance of sediment in carbon storage within the intertidal ecosystem, and demonstrates the need to consider unvegetated habitats in intertidal ‘blue carbon’ stock assessments. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

枣园区块煤层气井产出水化学特征及动态变化规律

沁水煤层气田枣园区块煤层气开采井产出的水具有高盐度、高矿化度的特点,直接排放可能会造成生态环境的破坏。通过连续跟踪采集枣园区块煤层气井产出水样品,并进行了25项物理化学参数的系统测试,分析了矿化度及各种阴、阳离子的动态变化规律。发现其矿化度、氯离子、钠离子浓度均呈现先高后低的变化趋势,而碳酸氢根离子的变化规律相反,呈现先低后高的特点。水化学类型呈现由Cl-Na型向Cl·HCO₃-Na型和HCO₃·Cl-Na型变化的规律。产出水中阳离子以K++Na+离子为主,阴离子HCO₃-和Cl-值较为接近,不存在明显占绝对优势的离子。依据产出水中各离子的变化特点,依据国家Ⅱ类地表水标准,采用回归分析方法,建立了氯离子浓度排采动态变化模型。研究成果为煤层气井产出水处理技术提供了依据。      

Terrain complexity and reduction of topographic data

Digital terrain data are useful for a variety of applications in mapping and spatial analysis. Most available terrain data are organized in a raster format, among them being the most extensively-used Digital Elevation Models (DEM) of the U.S. Geological Survey. A common problem with DEM for spatial analysis at the landscape scale is that the raster encoding of topography is subject to data redundancy and, as such, data volumes may become prohibitively large. To improve efficiency in both data storage and information processing, the redundancy of the terrain data must be minimized by eliminating unnecessary elements. To what extent a set of terrain data can be reduced for improving storage and processing efficiency depends on the complexity of the terrain. In general, data elements for simpler, smoother surfaces can be substantially reduced without losing critical topographic information. For complex terrains, more data elements should be retained if the topography is to be adequately represented. In this paper, we present a measure of terrain complexity based on the behavior of selected data elements in representing the characteristics of a surface. The index of terrain complexity is derived from an estimated parameter which denotes the relationship between terrain representation (percentage surface representation) and relative data volume (percentage DEM elements). The index can be used to assess the required volume of topographic data and determine the appropriate level of data reduction. Two quadrangles of distinct topographic characteristics were examined to illustrate the efficacy of the developed methodology.     

初值信息在气候预测中的作用

应用胞映射全局分析方法,研究初值信息在气候预测中的作用。针对人们认识气候的实际过程,分别提出4种初始条件,研究一个最大简化的大气模式做逐日级别预报和量值预报以及月平均级别预报和量值预报的能力。结果表明,初值信息掌握得越多,预报误差就越小,预报的相对准确率就越高。     

台风与西风槽相互作用与赤道辐合带的北跳

利用历史天气图,台风年鉴,以及ＥＣＭＷＦ和ＮＭＣ再分析的风场等资料,研究盛夏一些系统的活动特征及赤道辐合带北跳及其在台风与西风槽相互作用型的关系,得到如下一些事实：（１）块状,自东向西移动的渤海日本海高压,准定常的,河套以东西风槽,低空偏东、偏南急流等系统的活动,都有利于出现台风与西风槽相互作用,有利于出现４００ｍｍ以上台风降水。（２）“７５．８”、“８４．８”和“９８．８”３个台风与西风槽相互作     

注浆管表面的固体润滑涂层研究

研究了帷幕灌浆中注浆管表面的固体润滑涂层组成.用附着力试验仪、耐磨试验机、冲击试验机、电子万能试验机测试了固体润滑涂层的附着力、耐磨性、抗冲击性和拔管摩擦阻力,用傅立叶红外光谱仪(FTIR)分析了固体润滑涂料磨损前后的变化.结果表明:环氧树脂固体润滑涂层的耐磨性和附着力优于不饱和树脂固体润滑涂层,但抗冲击强度低于不饱和树脂固体润滑涂层;涂敷不饱和树脂固体润滑涂层注浆管的拔管摩擦阻力小于涂敷环氧树脂固体润滑涂层注浆管的拔管摩擦阻力,比未涂敷固体润滑涂层注浆管的拔管摩擦阻力平均降低25%;耐磨性和拔管摩擦阻力随固体润滑涂层的涂层厚度增大而下降.傅立叶红外分析结果表明,涂层磨损后,部分官能团的峰面积发生了变化.试验分析表明,润滑摩擦作用机制是层剥落磨损.     

Hydrothermal studies in a new diamond anvil cell up to 10 GPa and from −190°C to 1200°C

The new hydrothermal diamond anvil cell (HDAC) has been designed for optical microscopy and X-ray diffraction at pressures up to 10 GPa and temperatures between –190°C and 1200°C. Laser light reffected from the top and bottom anvil faces and the top and bottom solid sample faces produce interference fringes that provide a very sensitive means of monitoring the volume of sample chamber and for observing volume and refractive index changes in solid samples due to transitions and reactions. Synchrotron radiation has been used to make X-ray diffraction patterns of samples under hydrothermal conditions. Individual heaters and individual thermocouples provide temperature control with an accuracy of ±0.5°C. Liquid nitrogen directly introduced into the HDAC has been used to reduce the sample temperature to –190°C. The - phase boundary of quartz has been used to calculate the transition pressures from measured transition temperatures. With this method we have redetermined 5 isochores of H₂O up to 850°C and 1.2 GPa at which the solution rate of the quartz became so rapid that the quartz dissolved completely before the - transition could be observed. When silica solutions were cooled, opal spherules and rods formed.     

Heat fluxes and roll circulations over the western Gulf Stream during an intense cold-air outbreak

Turbulence and heat fluxes in the marine atmospheric boundary layer (MABL) for the roll vortex regime, observed during the Genesis of Atlantic Lows Experiment (GALE) over the western Gulf Stream, have been studied. The spectral analysis suggests that cloud streets (roll vortices) are vertically organized convection in the MABL having the same roll scale for both the cloud layer and subcloud layer, and that the roll spacing is about three times the MABL depth. The roll circulations contribute significantly to the sensible (temperature) and latent heat (moisture) fluxes with importance increasing upward. Near the MABL top, these fluxes are primarily due to roll vortices which transfer both sensible heat and moisture upward in the lower half of the convective MABL. Near the MABL top, the roll circulations transfer sensible heat downward and moisture upward in the clear thermal-street region, but roll vortices influenced by evaporative cooling can transfer sensible heat upward and moisture downward in the cloud-street region. Near the cloud-top, the upward buoyancy flux due to evaporative cooling is highly related to the roll circulations near the inversion.For the lower half of the MABL, the normalized temperature flux decreases upward more rapidly than the humidity flux, which is mainly because potential temperature () increases slightly upward while humidity (q) decreases slightly upward above the unstable surface layer. The gradient production (associated with the gradient) is a source for the temperature flux in the unstable surface layer but changes to a sink in the mixed layer, while the gradient production (associated with the q gradient) acts as a source for the humidity flux in both the unstable surface and mixed layers. The results suggest that the entrainment at the MABL top might affect the budgets of temperature and humidity fluxes in the lower MABL, but not in the unstable surface layer.Caelum Research Corporation, Silver Spring, MD, 20901, U.S.A.