煤中硫的地质特征和洁净煤技术的发展(英文)

媒中硫的含量大都由煤层的沉积环境控制,并取决于成煤物质是否曾受过海水影响及其受海水影响的程度。煤中硫的含量对于煤的有效利用甚为重要。这主要是因为燃煤时有相当量的二氧化硫释放到大气中造成对环境有害的酸雨。因此,煤层中硫的分布和地质特征是评估煤的品质及解决有关环境问题的一个重要参数。洁净煤技术是为了有效解决能源需求并减少用煤对环境的影响而发展起来的。它包括煤燃烧前的洁净方法（物理、化学和微生物的煤洁净法）、烟气脱硫、吸附剂喷撒和各种媒燃烧技术（流化床、气化联合循环等）。     

Effects of freeze-thaw cycle and dry-wet alternation on slope stability

The typical loess on high slopes along the BaoLan High-speed Rail, China, was selected as the research object. The influence of the freeze-thaw cycle and dry-wet alternation on the shear-strength parameters of the unsaturated loess was investigated by laboratory experimental methods. Moreover, the temperature field, seepage field, and stability of slopes with different gradients were simulated under the effect of the freeze-thaw cycle and dry-wet alternation by using the geotechnical analysis software Geo-Studio. The research results showed(1) when the freeze-thaw cycle was repeated on the slope, with the frozen depth increasing, the melted depth did the same; besides, the closed loop of isotherms formed on the slope;(2) under the action of dry-wet circulation, the negative pore-water pressure and volumetric water content showed an upward tendency. However, owing to the different slope gradients, rainfall infiltration was not the same. As time went by, the differences of the negative pore-water pressure and volumetric water content between the slopes of different gradients continued to increase;(3) with the freeze-thaw cycle and dry-wet alternation increasing, the slope-safety factor decreased. Especially in the early period, the slope-safety factor changed remarkably. For slopes undergoing freeze-thaw action, the slope-safety factor was negatively correlated with the gradient. However, with regard to slopes undergoing dry-wet alternation, the result became more complex because the slope-safety factor was related to both seepage strength and slope grade. Accordingly, further research is needed to study the effect of seepage strength and slope grade on the stability of loess slopes.     

Seasonal and interannual variability of carbon cycle in South China Sea: A three-dimensional physical-biogeochemical modeling study

The South China Sea (SCS) exhibits strong variations on seasonal to interannual time scale, and the changing Southeast Asian Monsoon has direct impacts on the nutrients and phytoplankton dynamics, as well as the carbon cycle. A Pacific basin-wide physical-biogeochemical model has been developed and used to investigate the physical variations, ecosystem responses, and carbon cycle consequences. The Pacific basin-wide circulation model, based on the Regional Ocean Model Systems (ROMS) with a 50-km spatial resolution, is driven with daily air-sea fluxes derived from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) reanalysis between 1990 and 2004. The biogeochemical processes are simulated with the Carbon, Si(OH)₄, Nitrogen Ecosystem (CoSINE) model consisting of multiple nutrients and plankton functional groups and detailed carbon cycle dynamics. The ROMS-CoSINE model is capable of reproducing many observed features and their variability over the same period at the SouthEast Asian Time-series Study (SEATS) station in the SCS. The integrated air-sea CO₂ flux over the entire SCS reveals a strong seasonal cycle, serving as a source of CO₂ to the atmosphere in spring, summer and autumn, but acting as a sink of CO₂ for the atmosphere in winter. The annual mean sea-to-air CO₂ flux averaged over the entire SCS is +0.33 moles CO₂ m⁻²year⁻¹, which indicates that the SCS is a weak source of CO₂ to the atmosphere. Temperature has a stronger influence on the seasonal variation of pCO₂ than biological activity, and is thus the dominant factor controlling the oceanic pCO₂ in the SCS. The water temperature, seasonal upwelling and Kuroshio intrusion determine the pCO₂ differences at coast of Vietnam and the northwestern region of the Luzon Island. The inverse relationship between the interannual variability of Chl-a in summer near the coast of Vietnam and NINO₃ SST (Sea Surface Temperature) index in January implies that the carbon cycle and primary productivity in the SCS is teleconnected to the Pacific-East Asian large-scale climatic variability.     

注浆管表面的固体润滑涂层研究

研究了帷幕灌浆中注浆管表面的固体润滑涂层组成.用附着力试验仪、耐磨试验机、冲击试验机、电子万能试验机测试了固体润滑涂层的附着力、耐磨性、抗冲击性和拔管摩擦阻力,用傅立叶红外光谱仪(FTIR)分析了固体润滑涂料磨损前后的变化.结果表明:环氧树脂固体润滑涂层的耐磨性和附着力优于不饱和树脂固体润滑涂层,但抗冲击强度低于不饱和树脂固体润滑涂层;涂敷不饱和树脂固体润滑涂层注浆管的拔管摩擦阻力小于涂敷环氧树脂固体润滑涂层注浆管的拔管摩擦阻力,比未涂敷固体润滑涂层注浆管的拔管摩擦阻力平均降低25%;耐磨性和拔管摩擦阻力随固体润滑涂层的涂层厚度增大而下降.傅立叶红外分析结果表明,涂层磨损后,部分官能团的峰面积发生了变化.试验分析表明,润滑摩擦作用机制是层剥落磨损.     

圆尾斗鱼的胚胎和仔鱼发育的研究

圆尾斗鱼的受精卵呈圆球形，光滑，略带淡黄色，浮性；卵膜吸水膨胀后的平均直径为１．１９ｍｍ，当水温２１－２３．５℃时，从受精卵到孵化出膜需４２．５小时；水温２２－２４．５℃时，刚出膜仔鱼到卵黄囊消失需４天，到油球消失约２５天。出膜３０天仔鱼的形态基本与成体相似。     

Abundance and size distribution of transparent exopolymer particles (TEP) in a coccolithophorid bloom in the northern Bay of Biscay

The distribution of transparent exopolymer particles (TEP) was investigated during a coccolithophorid bloom in the northern Bay of Biscay (North Atlantic Ocean) in early June 2006. MODIS chlorophyll-a (Chl-a) and reflectance images before and during the cruise were used to localize areas of important biological activity and high reflectance (HR). TEP profiles along the continental margin, determined using microscopic (TEP_micro) and colorimetric (TEP_color) methods, showed abundant (6.1×10⁶–4.4×10⁷ L^?1) and relatively small (0.5–20 μm) particles, leading to a low total volume fraction (0.05–2.2 ppm) of TEP_micro and similar vertical profiles of TEP_color. Estimates of carbon content in TEP (TEP-C) derived from the microscopic approach yielded surface concentration of 1.50 μmol C L^?1. The contribution of TEP-C to particulate organic carbon (POC) was estimated to be 12% (molar C ratio) during this survey. Our results suggest that TEP formation is a probable first step to rapid and efficient export of C during declining coccolithophorid blooms.     

Flow around sunspots from it p-mode frequency shift measurements

We use five-day helioseimic data from the Taiwan Oscillation Network to study the flow around a sunspot, NOAA 7887. The p-mode oscillations in an annular region centered at the sunspot are decomposed into the modes propagating toward and away from the sunspot. We find that the frequency of an outgoing mode is greater than that of the corresponding incoming mode. This indicates that the plasma is flowing outward from the sunspot. The outflow velocity is estimated to be about 40–80 m s^-1.     

The Effect of Helicity Dissipation on the Critical State of an Avalanche Model for Solar Flares

We perform numerical simulations using an avalanche model for solar flares, in which the effect of avalanche event duration is included and the lateral boundary condition can be either open or periodic. The results from the simulations show that self-organized criticality (SOC) exists under a variety of conditions of helicity dissipation, and they are similar in the sense that the indices of power-law distributions of avalanche sizes are the same, while the duration and waiting time distributions differ little. Of interest are: (1) if there exists helicity dissipation in the course of avalanches, SOC exists only when the amount of helicity dissipation per avalanche is small; (2) sudden reductions in the total helicity of the system do not severely disturb SOC, if the amount reduced is moderate; (3) the distribution of waiting times is shown to be exponential, in consistent with the Poisson statistics other avalanche models have predicted, and the exponent increases as the effect of event duration becomes larger. The self-similar structure of the avalanche time series is also examined. These results imply that, although helicity is dissipated in resistive diffusion of flares, the amount of dissipation should be small and the conservation law of helicity thus holds in an approximate sense. Also, the coronal mass ejections (CMEs), observed to take helicity out of the solar corona in an eruptive way, may disrupt the statistical equilibrium of the corona only temporarily.     

数值天气预报的创新之路--从初值问题到反问题

基于大气并非是一个确定论的系统,从信息论的视角考察了数值天气预报问题。认为表征初值和边值的数据可以视为输入信息(信息源),而数值模式则不过是一个信息变换机构,它把输入信息变换成预报结论而输出来,输出的预报结论则是未来天气状况的信息。于是预报的准确性受制于:一是输入信息所包含的输出信息的信息量,另一是信息在变换过程中丢失的信息量。从初值的形成过程揭示出了当前观测系统在一个时刻提供的数据没有包含初值所要求的全部信息,而缺失的部分或多或少的隐藏在过去的观测数据中。提为初值问题意味着只依据一个时刻的状态导致输入的信息量缺失,应考虑过去的历史数据以增加输入数据中所包含的预报量的信息。文中指出由于输出信息比输入还多的数值模式是不存在的,这样的改进带有根本性。进一步论证了数值模式的误差信息,也或多或少的隐藏在过去的历史数据中,为了充分使用过去的观测数据,本文建议改变问题的提法,不提成初值问题,提成反问题。资料同化本质上是反问题,其欠定性不应人为夸大。提成反问题的数值天气预报能充分应用过去的历史资料,将天气方法、统计方法、动力方法有机地结合在一起。对于这个反问题如何具体求解方面,在分析了业务和研究的区别,模式的普适性和针对性的统一的基础上,给出了反问题的具体解决途径。强调无需构建新模式(这是非常困难的工作),只需运行现成的模式,借助所关心的预报对象的历史数据来改造现成模式,因而是完全可行的。     

Fate of paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in purple clam Hiatula rostrata,in outdoor culture and laboratory culture

Purple clams (Hiatula rostrata Lighttoot) accumulate paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) toxins produced by a toxic strain of the dinoflagellate Alexandriun minutum Halim. The results confirm the data of our previous study concerning the muscle and siphon that were not showing a gradual rise in toxicity when shellfish accumulated more A. minutum. However, muscle and siphon are intermittently toxic both in exposure and depuration period in laboratory cultured purple clams. PSP toxins were detected in outdoor cultured purple clams, whereas no A. minutum were found in the culture pond during most of the survey time. The outdoor cultured purple clams need longer time to decrease toxicity to allowable levels than laboratory cultured purple clams. It was shown that laboratory data may not predict times over which pond-cultured purple clams may prove toxic to consumers.