2019年6月17日四川长宁M6.0地震的快速测定与数据产品产出

2019年6月17日22时55分(北京时间),四川宜宾市长宁县发生了M6.0地震。中国地震台网中心用时10min发布正式速报结果,并开展余震监测和统计。同时,中国地震台网中心联合各有关单位,对台网数据进行分析处理,产出10类19种数据产品。产品结果显示:四川长宁M6.0地震极震区烈度达Ⅶ度,为一次逆冲型为主的事件,余震呈NWW向展布。据主震和余震分布方向,由区域地震构造图可初步推测,发震断层为NW向隐伏断层。     

Eutrophication control decision making using EFDC model for Shenzhen Reservoir,China

The three-dimensional hydrodynamic and eutrophication model was implemented based on EFDC to help eutrophication control decision making of Shenzhen Reservoir. Model calibration and validation were conducted with two set of independent observed data in 2009 and 2010–2011. The model represented the hydrodynamic process and the spatial and temporal distribution of water quality well. Subsequently, three eutrophication control scenarios were configured, included removing 100% nutrients from all tributaries, increasing by 50% of water flows, and removing 50% nutrients from Dongjiang. As results shown, the maximum chlorophyll-a concentrations were decreased by 1, 16.4 and 46.3%, the average chlorophyll-a concentrations were decreased by 1.3, 29.8 and 29.9%. Increasing water flows and removing nutrients from Dongjiang can significantly improve water quality and effectively reduce risk of water bloom.     

Wind tunnel tests of the dynamic processes that control wind erosion of a sand bed

Aeolian sand transport is a complicated process that is affected by many factors (e.g. wind velocity, sand particle size, surface microtopography). Under different experimental conditions, erosion processes will therefore produce different results. In this study, we conducted a series of wind tunnel experiments across a range of wind velocities capable of entraining sand particles (8.0, 10.0, 12.0, and 14.0 m s^-1) to study the dynamic changes of the shear velocity, aerodynamic roughness length, and sand transport. We found that the shear velocity and aerodynamic roughness length are not constant; rather, they change dynamically over time, and the rules that describe their changes depend on the free-stream air velocity. For wind tunnel experiments without feeding sand into the airflow, the sand bed elevation decreases with increasing erosion time, and this change significantly affected the values of shear velocity and aerodynamic roughness length. A Gaussian distribution function described the relationships between the sand transport rate (q_T) and the duration of wind erosion (T). It is therefore necessary for modelers to consider both deflation of the bed and the time scale used when calculating sand transport or erosion rates. © 2018 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Quantifying the carbon source of pedogenic calcite veins in weathered limestone: implications for the terrestrial carbon cycle

The continent is the second largest carbon sink on Earth’s surface.With the diversification of vascular land plants in the late Paleozoic,terrestrial organic carbon burial is represented by massive coal formation,while the development of soil profiles would account for both organic and inorganic carbon burial.As compared with soil organic carbon,inorganic carbon burial,collectively known as the soil carbonate,would have a greater impact on the long-term carbon cycle.Soil carbonate would have multiple carbon sources,including dissolution of host calcareous rocks,dissolved inorganic carbon from freshwater,and oxidation of organic matter,but the host calcareous rock dissolution would not cause atmospheric CO2drawdown.Thus,to evaluate the potential effect of soil carbonate formation on the atmospheric p CO2level,different carbon sources of soil carbonate should be quantitatively differentiated.In this study,we analyzed the carbon and magnesium isotopes of pedogenic calcite veins developed in a heavily weathered outcrop,consisting of limestone of the early Paleogene Guanzhuang Group in North China.Based on the C and Mg isotope data,we developed a numerical model to quantify the carbon source of calcite veins.The modeling results indicate that4–37 wt%of carbon in these calcite veins was derived from atmospheric CO2.The low contribution from atmospheric CO2might be attributed to the host limestone that might have diluted the atmospheric CO2sink.Nevertheless,taking this value into consideration,it is estimated that soil carbonate formation would lower 1 ppm atmospheric CO2within 2000 years,i.e.,soil carbonate alone would sequester all atmospheric CO2within 1 million years.Finally,our study suggests the C–Mg isotope system might be a better tool in quantifying the carbon source of soil carbonate.     

面向室内应急疏散标识的VR眼动感知实验与布局评估

在室内应急疏散的背景下,理解人们如何感知应急疏散标识以及他们的感知如何影响疏散行为十分重要。虚拟地理环境基于虚拟现实（VR）技术构建的沉浸式多维信息空间,是一个符合人类感知认知规律的三维、动态、可交互空间。而基于虚拟地理环境的虚拟地理感知/认知实验,则可以提供一个可定量观测的可控虚拟实验环境,通过设计多种实验方案,定量地获取与空间感知、认知行为相关的客观实验数据。本文将沉浸式虚拟环境与眼动追踪技术相结合,设计了VR眼动感知实验,以室内通道为例,采用定量观测、数据统计、可视化分析等方法,对不同虚拟火灾逃生场景下的疏散时间、眼动注视点、个体移动轨迹数据进行了处理与分析,最后对室内应急疏散标识布局进行评估并提出合理建议。实验结果表明：① 女性参与者比男性更容易被逃生起始位置干扰,拥有较差的虚拟空间感;② 3种场景类型（无标识无烟雾、有标识无烟雾、有标识有烟雾）在疏散时间之间存在明显差异,应急标识、烟雾与逃生起始位置对疏散时间有显著性影响;③ 通道墙贴标识的感知率最高为0.929,在火灾逃生中最容易被识别;④ 安全出口标识感知率最低为0.333,眼动注视点大多在安全门而非安全出口标识上,因此需要提升安全出口标识的视觉吸引力;⑤ 室内通道微观环境的不同（例如通道长度）对应急标识注视时长的变化有较大影响;⑥ 安全出口附近的标识布局、设计有待改进。虚拟眼动感知实验为评估室内应急疏散标识的合理性和布局优化提供了一个有效的科学途径。     

基于真实情境的高三主题式教学探析

Zou Dingqin;Mei Guohong     

土壤风蚀野外测量技术研究进展

野外测量是使用最早、应用最广的土壤风蚀研究方法。经过几十年的努力,国内外学者已开发出一系列土壤风蚀野外测量仪器与技术。由于没有制定统一的标准,目前世界各国使用的野外测量仪器和技术并不相同,这给研究结果的比较与集成造成一定困难,不利于交流与合作。基于此,本文对国内外土壤风蚀野外测量技术进行了全面梳理,归纳了土壤风蚀野外测量技术的发展历史,并从风蚀影响因子测量、风蚀物收集和风蚀量确定3方面详细介绍了土壤风蚀野外测量技术的研究进展,比较了不同类型仪器与方法的优缺点,指出目前一些被广泛采用的技术手段,并对今后土壤风蚀野外测量技术的发展趋势进行了展望,以期为中国土壤风蚀野外测量技术的发展提供参考。     

热力学效应及斯托克斯漂流对混合层影响的研究

本文通过理想化的外部强迫以及海洋站点实测数据驱动普林斯顿海洋模式来研究海洋热力学效应和斯托克斯漂流对上混合层数值模拟的影响。在Mellor-Yamada湍流闭合方案中,经常出现夏季海表面温度偏暖和混合层深度偏浅的模拟误差。实验表明,斯托克斯漂流在冬季和夏季均能增强湍流动能,加深混合层深度。这种效应可以改善夏季的模拟结果,但与观测数据相比,将增大冬季混合层深度的模拟误差。斯托克斯漂流可以通过增强湍动能来加深混合层深度。结果表明,将斯托克斯漂流与冷皮层和暖层对上部混合层的热效应相结合,可以正确地模拟混合层深度。在夏季,海洋冷皮层和暖层通过“阻挡结构”和双温跃层结构模拟出更真实的上混合层变化。在冬季,海洋热力学效应通过增强上层海洋层结平衡了斯托克斯漂流的影响,并且由斯托克斯漂流引起的过度混合被校正。     

基于排队论的水下预置反舰导弹部署优化

随着武器装备的逐渐智能化和信息化,武器系统的水下预置已经成为了未来水下无人作战体系中的重要研究内容之一。以封锁作战为背景,用水下预置反舰导弹构建多层防御阵线封锁战略航道,对敌实施打击。利用排队论相关理论研究了水下预置反舰导弹对来袭舰船编队总的命中概率并建立了其线形部署优化模型。通过仿真算例验证了模型的有效性,分析了影响优化结果的其他因素,结果表明：该模型能够准确找出在总命中概率最大时最佳的部署层数和各层部署数量,可为水下预置反舰导弹的部署决策提供一定科学参考。     

Effect of Wetland Reclamation on Soil Organic Carbon Stability in Peat Mire Soil Around Xingkai Lake in Northeast China

Content and density of soil organic carbon(SOC) and labile and stable SOC fractions in peat mire soil in wetland, soybean field and rice paddy field reclaimed from the wetland around Xingkai Lake in Northeast China were studied. Studies were designed to investigate the impact of reclamation of wetland for soybean and rice farming on stability of SOC. After reclamation, SOC content and density in the top 0–30 cm soil layer decreased, and SOC content and density in soybean field were higher than that in paddy field. Content and density of labile SOC fractions also decreased, and density of labile SOC fractions and their ratios with SOC in soybean field were lower than that observed in paddy field. In the 0–30 cm soil layer, densities of labile SOC fractions, namely, dissolved organic carbon(DOC), microbial biomass carbon(MBC), readily oxidized carbon(ROC) and readily mineralized carbon(RMC), in both soybean field and paddy field were all found to be lower than those in wetland by 34.00% and 13.83%, 51.74% and 35.13%, 62.24% and 59.00%, and 64.24% and 17.86%, respectively. After reclamation, SOC density of micro-aggregates( 0.25 mm) as a stable SOC fraction and its ratio with SOC in 0–5, 5–10, 10–20 and 20–30 cm soil layers increased. SOC density of micro-aggregates in the 0–30 cm soil layer in soybean field was 50.83% higher than that in paddy field. Due to reclamation, SOC density and labile SOC fraction density decreased, but after reclamation, most SOC was stored in a more complex and stable form. Soybean farming is more friendly for sustainable SOC residence in the soils than rice farming.